Measurements of the fine structure on the high-energy side of the Fe Kβ x-ray line, obtained from low-inductance high-current vacuum sparks, are reported. Fully relativistic central field calculations for atoms, including magnetic Breit interactions and estimates of the Lamb shifts, correlate the experimental features to the 1s-3p transition of the various Fe ions. The features are shown to be emitted by ions from Fe ix to Fe xviii, and Fe xxiv to Fe xxvi.

The 1s-3p Kβ-like x-ray spectrum of highly ionized iron

Electronic states of highly charged ions show magnified fine-structure, Lamb shift, and hyperfine effects making them sensitive probes of bound-state quantum electrodynamics and nuclear physics. Being also impervious to external perturbations renders them ideal candidates for precision spectroscopy and accurate clocks that could test physics beyond the standard model. This review discusses how a variety of ion species and transitions may optimally be used to target such new applications, and presents routes to handle them in the laboratory.

Highly charged ions: Optical clocks and applications in fundamental physics

X-ray line spectra were collected from exploded (Al to U) wire plasmas produced by ${10}^{12}$-W pulse discharges of high-energy electrons in the Gamble II generator. High-ionization states were found in these spectra that provided new spectroscopic data. The Ne- and Ni-like isoelectronic sequences involving $L$- and $M$-shell transitions were extended to high-atomic-number elements, Ag and Au, respectively. The correlation of spectra and x-ray pinhole images revealed that the high-temperature emission emanates from small ( 75 \ensuremath{\mu}m), high-density pinched regions with plasma temperatures of 1-2 keV (based on the coronal model). Other x-ray emission arises from cool-plasma (50-200 eV) regions associated with the flaring structure as seen in x-ray-pinhole images. In addition to low-temperature thermal x-ray emission from the flare regions, energetic electrons produce nonthermal inner-shell spectral lines. As the atomic number increases, the relative intensity of the cool plasma to high-temperature thermal emission increases systematically for isoelectronic sequences involving $K$-, $L$-, and $M$-shell transitions. The plasma characteristics determined from the distribution of ionization states in the exploded-wire spectra correlate well with those from other high-energy-density generating devices, namely the vacuum spark and plasma focus.

X-ray spectra from exploded-wire plasmas

Results of experimental studies of the X-pinch since its invention and implementation in 1982 at the Lebedev Physical Institute are presented. The review consists of two parts. The first part briefly outlines the history of creation and studies of X-pinches, describes the diagnostic techniques and devices developed during these studies, and presents the main results obtained in studying the physical processes occurring in the X-pinch. The second part is devoted to the results of detailed studies of the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of the X-pinch hot spot—the region where the highest plasma parameters are achieved and which is a source of X-ray emission with extreme parameters. Some results of X-pinch simulations are also presented.

X-pinch. Part II

X ray emission from optical and inner shell transitions of multiply ionized Cu, Fe, and Ti in low pressure discharge dense plasma

X radiation from optical and inner-shell transitions in a highly ionized dense plasma

A low inductance three‐electrode spark source for the vacuum ultraviolet fed by a 20‐kV, 13‐μF capacitor is described. Its main feature is its ability to generate spectra of very high degrees of ionization. A 6‐kV spark produces spectra of CV and CVI as well as FeXVI, while a 17–18‐kV spark yields FeXVIII, AlXII, and AlXIII.

/pdf/vacuum-ultraviolet-source-3owuw9tfcm.pdf

Vacuum Ultraviolet Source

/pdf/newly-identified-resonance-lines-of-ni-xix-cu-xx-and-zn-xxi-4c9yk77n23.pdf

Newly identified resonance lines of Ni xix, Cu xx, and Zn xxi

Spectra study and line classification of ions in fluorine I isoelectronic sequence from Sc XIII to C XXI

Spectra of ions in the fluorine I isoelectronic sequence from Sc XIII to Cu XXI.

Resonance lines originating from autoionization energy levels far above ionization potential observed for highly ionized atoms of Na I isoelectronic sequence

Autoionization resonance lines of highly ionized atoms of the Na I isoelectronic sequence

Newly identified lines of highly ionized nickel, copper, and zinc in sodium I isoelectronic sequences

/pdf/newly-identified-lines-of-ni-xviii-cu-xix-and-zn-xx-in-the-1vculxb2t8.pdf

Newly Identified Lines of Ni xviii, Cu xix, and Zn xx in the Na i Isoelectronic Sequence

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