Carbon dots (CDs) are usually smaller than 10 nm in size, and are meticulously formulated and recently introduced nanomaterials, among the other types of carbon-based nanomaterials. They have gained significant attention and an incredible interest in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical science, which is merely due to their considerable and exclusive attributes; including their enhanced electron transferability, photobleaching and photo-blinking effects, high photoluminescent quantum yield, fluorescence property, resistance to photo-decomposition, increased electrocatalytic activity, good aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility, long-term chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, negligible toxicity, and acquaintance of large effective surface area-to-volume ratio. CDs can be readily functionalized owing to the abundant functional groups on their surfaces, and they also exhibit remarkable sensing features such as specific, selective, and multiplex detectability. In addition, the physico-chemical characteristics of CDs can be easily tunable based on their intended usage or application. In this comprehensive review article, we mainly discuss the classification of CDs, their ideal properties, their general synthesis approaches, and primary characterization techniques. More importantly, we update the readers about the recent trends of CDs in health care applications (viz., their substantial and prominent role in the area of electrochemical and optical biosensing, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as in photodynamic/photothermal therapy).

Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care-An Updated Review (2018-2021).

Antimicrobial resistance is a recognized global challenge. Tools for bacterial detection can combat antimicrobial resistance by facilitating evidence-based antibiotic prescribing, thus avoiding their overprescription, which contributes to the spread of resistance. Unfortunately, traditional culture-based identification methods take at least a day, while emerging alternatives are limited by high cost and a requirement for skilled operators. Moreover, photodynamic inactivation of bacteria promoted by photosensitisers could be considered as one of the most promising strategies in the fight against multidrug resistance pathogens. In this context, carbon dots (CDs) have been identified as a promising class of photosensitiser nanomaterials for the specific detection and inactivation of different bacterial species. CDs possess exceptional and tuneable chemical and photoelectric properties that make them excellent candidates for antibacterial theranostic applications, such as great chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances on the use of CDs as antimicrobial agents, including the most commonly used methodologies for CD and CD/composites syntheses and their antibacterial properties in both in vitro and in vivo models developed in the last 3 years.

Carbon Dots as an Emergent Class of Antimicrobial Agents

The increase in antibiotic resistance promotes the situation of developing new antibiotics at a forefront, while the development of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals is equally significant. In the post-antibiotic era, nanomaterials with high antibacterial efficiency and no drug resistance, make them attractive candidates for antibacterial materials. Carbon dots (CDs), as a kind of carbon-based zero-dimensional nanomaterials, are attracting much attention for their multifunctional properties. The abundant surface states, tunable photoexcited states, and excellent photo-electron transfer properties make sterilization of CDs feasible and gradually emerge in the antibacterial field. This review provides comprehensive insights into the recent development of CDs in the antibacterial field. The topics include mechanisms, design, and optimization processes, and their potential practical applications are also highlighted, such as treatment of bacterial infections, against bacterial biofilms, antibacterial surfaces, food preservation, and bacteria imaging and detection. Meanwhile, the challenges and outlook of CDs in the antibacterial field are discussed and proposed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Antibacterial Carbon Dots: Mechanisms, Design, and Applications.

Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens Detection Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Recent Advances and Challenges

Mitochondria-targeted ROS- and GSH-responsive diselenide-crosslinked polymer dots for programmable paclitaxel release

Wireless electrochemical and luminescent detection of bacteria based on surface-coated CsWO3-immobilized fluorescent carbon dots with photothermal ablation of bacteria

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Wireless electrochemical and luminescent detection of bacteria based on surface-coated CsWO3-immobilized fluorescent carbon dots with photothermal ablation of bacteria