One of the recurring issues mobility-impaired persons have to deal with is traveling alone in a wheelchair blindly without prior information regarding the accessibility of the planned route. Ordinary people usually choose the shortest path, but people with ambulant disabilities may prefer a longer route that does not include an uphill. The purpose of this paper is to extract the graph representation for people with reduced mobility across Baguio's Central Business District. The PWD ramps and wheelchair passable drop curbs were located with a smartphone GPS. Google Maps was used to verify the coordinates. The road distance was calculated using the Haversine formula as verified using Google Earth. The Lavene's Test for equality of variances and T-test of equality of means were used to check the significant difference between the derived values against Google's data. The derived latitude and longitude using a mobile phone's GPS did not differ significantly from the Google Maps coordinates. Moreover, the study showed that the calculated road distance using the Haversine formula did not vary considerably from the Google Earth distance. As such, the study aims to provide time and safety benefits by presenting a novel model representing the road network as a graph for mobility-impaired persons.

Graph Representation of Road Network for Mobility-Impaired Persons

Traveling alone in a wheelchair without prior knowledge of the accessibility of the planned route is one of the most common issues that people with motor disabilities face. Ordinary people usually take the shortest route, but people with mobility issues may prefer a longer route with appropriate PWD ramps. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the applicability of a node combination technique based on Dijkstra's algorithm to a derived graph model for people with motor disabilities using a noble wheelchair navigation system. Experiments were carried out to determine the shortest path from a starting node to a destination node using the proposed routing algorithm. The Graph Online simulation program validated the shortest path length and the route generated by the application. Furthermore, field tests were conducted to determine the accuracy of the proposed approach in terms of distance and travel time. It was accomplished by comparing the application route search results to actual field experiments performed with the 130 routes generated during the process. The inter-rater reliability of the system's measured road distance and travel time compared to the field experiment was then determined using Cohen's Kappa. The study results demonstrated that the navigation system could generate the shortest path from the derived graph model for people with motor disabilities using the proposed routing algorithm, as validated by the simulation program. The study findings also revealed that the derived road distance and travel time from the route search results of the wheelchair navigation system have a moderate agreement with the actual field experiment results.

Wheelchair Navigation System using Node Combination Technique for People with Motor Disabilities

Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eight HMs (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water, suspended particles, and sediment near the Sele River estuary (Italy) in order to assess their environmental impacts on the sea and health risks for humans. The results revealed an increasing order of HM concentration according to the scheme suspended particulate matter (SPM) > sediment (SED) > dissolved phase (DP) and a moderate contamination status in sediment. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Carcinogenic risk, expressed as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), was negligible for Cd and Ni and within tolerable limits for As, Pb, and Cr. The findings suggested that, even if there are currently no specific limits for chemical parameters in the transitional waters of Italy, monitoring systems should be implemented to determine pollution levels and implement effective steps to improve river water quality and reduce human health risks.

Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy.

Agribusiness is one of Brazilian economy’s main pillars. In this scenario, soybean was the most exported agricultural commodity in 2017. International markets have postulated requirements demanding that this commodity way of production be adapted to environmentally friendly best practices. Brazilian producers have positively responded to these demands by implementing best practices in soil and water resources’ usage, producing more by exploiting less. This work explores how Geographic Information System, free and open source software, can be used to graphically present agricultural and human development synergy. Data regarding soybean production, Human Development Index (HDI), from 2000 and 2010 were compared. QuantumGis software was used to graphically express changes in soybean production and HDI at Goias mesoregions. This work’s main findings show that municipalities that increased soybean production also increased its HDI; the use of GIS software is an effective and low-cost tool to present agribusiness information to stakeholders.

Geographic Information Systems as a Tool to Display Agribusiness and Human Development Synergy

Abstract: Aim The Kallada River is exposed to several kinds of pollution from domestic, civic, recreational, and agricultural activities and human settlements. The objectives of the study were to assess sediment quality, especially the trace metal concentration and to compare with the previous reports on the sources of pollutants in the Kallada River. Methods A total of 12 sediment variables including the following metals: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to detect trace metal concentration in the sediment samples. Statistical tools such as Pearson’s correlation, Principal component analysis (PCA), and Cluster analysis (CA) were employed to analyze the data and source of pollutants. Results This investigation indicated that Fe was the most accumulated element in the sediments, and the midstream (K6 and K10) and downstream sites (K11 to K15) showed a much higher concentration level than the upstream sites. The concentrations of trace metals in sediment samples followed the order Fe> Mn> Cu>Zn. Conclusions The present study concluded that major sources of pollutants were sewage and civic effluents and agricultural discharges. These may cause a severe threat to the Kallada River and health risk to the local populations, which rely on the river, primarily for drinking purposes. Hence, appropriate conservation policies to reduce pollution are therefore essential.

Environmental monitoring of sediment quality and trace metal status in a tropical perennial river in South India: an exploration using multivariate analysis

Abstract The metal concentrations within the sediments of Kallada River Basin (KRB) draining the south-western flanks of Western Ghats in Kerala, India were examined using pollution indices and statistical analysis in order to inspect the level of contamination. This study includes a systematic analysis of sediment contamination by heavy metals and major oxides of the river Kallada draining the south-western flanks of Western Ghats in Kerala, India during pre-monsoon (May 2019), monsoon (September 2019) and post-monsoon (February 2020) seasons. Sediment samples were taken from 20 locations and the major investigations carried out in the sediment samples include geochemical analysis for the determination of major oxides and minor (trace) elements by using X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and textural analysis for the classification of sediment samples into different categories. To understand the pollution loads in the sediments of the area under study, the heavy metal and major element contamination of the samples were assessed based on crustal enrichment factor (EFc), geo accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and pollution load index (PLI). From the analysis, it is seen that the coastal sediments of KRB were polluted mainly by Zirconium which exhibits high values in the pre-monsoon season. Among the major elements, Titanium is the only one which manifests slightly higher values in the pre-monsoon period. Based on the textural analysis, it is observed that these sediments predominantly come under sandy loam and loamy silt classifications during the three seasons of study. The concentrations of heavy metals and major ions in the surface sediments of Kallada river were studied to determine the extent of anthropogenic inputs in this tropical river system.

Geochemical aspects and contamination evaluation of major and trace elements in the sediments of Kallada river, southern Western Ghats, India

This paper is intended to illustrate the impacts of geographic information systems in the planning of transport services, having the Transport for London as the precise case study. The study entailed an identification of GIS features, which support the planning of transport services. These features were studied in line with the current challenges faced by TfL, and were practically recommended as a means of tackling the problems. As a means of recognising bottlenecks, likely to be encountered in the future, an integration of GIS into travel demand analysis should be done (Alterkawi in GBER J 1(2):38−46 [2]). Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are used as a means of collecting data useful to the research area. It was found that TfL is already in use of GIS, but to a minimal extent, the organisation is open to recommendations in this regard.

Study on the Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Effective Transport Planning for Transport for London (TfL)

The contamination of heavy metals within the sediments of a tropical river basin of Kerala, India were studied using pollution indices thereby to examine the level of deterioration. Sediment samples were taken from 20 locations and the major investigations carried out in the sediment samples include geochemical analysis for the determination of major ions and minor (trace) elements by using X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and textural analysis for the classification of sediment samples into different categories. To understand the pollution loads in the sediments of the study area, the heavy metal and major element contamination of the samples were assessed based on Crustal Enrichment Factor (EFc), geo accumulation index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of contamination (Cdeg) and Pollution Load Index (PLI). From the analysis, it is seen that the coastal sediments of KRB were polluted mainly by Zirconium which exhibits high values in the pre monsoon season. Among the major elements, Titanium is the only one which manifests slightly higher values in the pre monsoon period. Based on the textural analysis, it is observed that these sediments predominantly come under sandy loam and loamy silt classifications during the three seasons of study. The unplanned urbanization and industrialization have detrimental effects on the quality of river sediments in the recent years. The current work is preferably applied to a river system and the findings will deliver productive evidence for analyzing the plenary catchment areas of Western Ghats. 

Geochemistry pollution status and contamination assessment of potentially toxic metals from the sediments of a tropical river of Kerala, India

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Geochemical aspects and contamination evaluation of major and trace elements in the sediments of Kallada river, southern Western Ghats, India

Study on the Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Effective Transport Planning for Transport for London (TfL)

Geochemistry pollution status and contamination assessment of potentially toxic metals from the sediments of a tropical river of Kerala, India