The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is a very basic phenomenon that occurs in magnetic materials ranging from nanoparticles over multilayered thin films to permanent magnets. In this contribution, we first focus on the links between effect characteristic and underlying microstructure. Thereafter, we discuss design criteria for GMR-sensor applications covering automotive, biosensors as well as nanoparticular sensors.

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Giant Magnetoresistance: Basic Concepts, Microstructure, Magnetic Interactions and Applications

Electrodeposition of some alloys and multilayer which exhibits the giant magneto resistance (GMR) effect, have been the subject of numerous studies. They have great potential for technological applications, such as magneto resistive sensors and magnetic recording devices. GMR effect is more usually seen in multilayer and alloys structure, when two magnetic layers are closely separated by a thin non-magnetic spacer layer. This paper deals with the review of literature available on electrodeposition of alloys and multilayer for GMR application. The effect of thickness of magnetic, non-magnetic layers, number of bi-layers, electrolyte pH, electrolyte temperature, additives and annealing process on GMR properties will be discussed.

/pdf/giant-magnetoresistance-in-electrodeposited-films-current-4vy8eqyvrp.pdf

Giant Magnetoresistance in Electrodeposited Films: Current Status and the Influence of Parameters

Effect of interface number on giant magnetoresistance

A methodological approach to optimise the electrochemical process parameters for giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in electrodeposited Ni–Co(Cu)/Cu multilayers has been developed. The multilayers were deposited on gold coated quartz discs in a flow channel cell by a potentiostatic dual pulse plating method from a citrate electrolyte. It has been found that GMR of these multilayers is strongly dependent on the relative amount of nickel and cobalt present in the ferromagnetic layer. GMR is also strongly dependent on the thickness of both ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers. GMR has been found to increase linearly with increasing number of interfaces. Ni–Co(Cu)/Cu multilayers plated from citrate electrolytes of lower pH values do not exhibit GMR. Hydrodynamic condition of the electrolyte has very little effect on GMR, unlike some other reported systems.

Optimisation of electrochemical process parameters for giant magnetoresistance of electrodeposited Ni–Co(Cu)/Cu multilayers

Hard magnetic (HM) thin films have been vertically integrated below giant magnetoresistive (GMR)multilayersensors in order to shift the operating point of an applicable GMRsensor. The shift in maximum magnetoresistance(MR) peaks was found to be dependent on the thickness of the HM layer. As a result of different bias geometries, which have been tested, current shunting effects mainly reduce the maximum MR amplitudes. A strong microstructural influence on the magnetotransport has been found; meander-shaped microstructures with different stripe widths have been microfabricated in order to investigate the influence of shape anisotropy and stray field geometry on the magnetotransport. As a result, the bias strength, as well as the shape of the HM hysteresis, varies with the underlying microstructured pattern geometries and the angle of applied field. Comparing the major MR loops of meanders with 1.5, 5, and 10 μm structure width of HM/GMR systems, different MR behavior has been found. It was determined that the MR loops are shifted by different field values simultaneously with a change in the MR loop shape. The effect depends on the orientation of applied field with respect to the meander structure, as well as on the structure width. A creeping effect, which demagnetizes the hard layer, has not been observed during sine-shaped switching cycles. The MR response signal of biased multilayers can be understood using numerical calculations.

Magnetotransport properties of hard magnetic pinned multilayers

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Magnetotransport properties of hard magnetic pinned multilayers