Production of fresh vegetables for export has grown rapidly in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa over the last decade. This trade brings producers and exporters based in Africa together with importers and retailers in Europe. Large retailers in Europe play a decisive role in structuring the production and processing of fresh vegetables exported from Africa. The requirements they specify for cost, quality, delivery, product variety, innovation, food safety and quality systems help top determine what types of producers and processors are able to gain access to the fresh vegetables chain and the activities they must carry out. The control over the fresh vegetables trade exercised by UK supermarkets has clear consequences for inclusion and exclusion of producers and exporters of differing types, and for the long-term prospects for the fresh vegetables industry in the two major exporting countries studied, Kenya and Zimbabwe.

/pdf/governance-and-trade-in-fresh-vegetables-the-impact-of-uk-5ajoa9kyle.pdf

Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: The Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry

Using a recently developed database of fisheries subsidies for 148 mari- timecountriesspanning1989tothepresent,totalfisheriessubsidiesfortheyear2003is computed.Akeyfeatureofourestimationapproachisthatitexplicitlydealswithmiss- ing data from official sources, and includes estimates of subsidies to developing coun- tryfisheries.Our analysis suggests that globalfisheries subsidies for 2003 are between US$25and29billion,whichishigherthananearlierWorldBankestimateofbetween US$ 14-20 billion. This new estimate is lower than our 2000 global subsidies esti- mateofUS$30-34 billion.Wefindthatfuelsubsidiescompose about 15-30% oftotal global fishing subsidies, and that capacity enhancing subsidies sum to US$ 16 billion or about 60% of the total. These results imply that the global community is paying

/pdf/a-bottom-up-re-estimation-of-global-fisheries-subsidies-1n5aza0j60.pdf

A bottom-up re-estimation of global fisheries subsidies

MSSD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised. This paper is available at http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri/divs/mssd/dp.htm AGRICULTURE DIVERSIFICATION IN SOUTH ASIA: PATTERNS, DETERMINANTS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Agriculture diversification in south asia: patterns, determinants and policy implications

Thermal decomposition kinetics of sorghum straw via thermogravimetric analysis.

The importance of cassava in the world is mainly a reflection of the agronomic advantages of the crop. However, if the contribution that cassava can make to the livelihoods of poor people is to be increased, there is a need to consider also its postharvest handling, processing and marketing. There are three major limitations to the increased utilization of cassava roots: poor shelf-life, low protein content and their naturally occurring cyanogens. Rapid postharvest deterioration means that processing is more important than for any of the other root crops. In addition to producing storable products, processing can also add value to the crop and provide employment opportunities. Both cassava roots and leaves can be used as food, but economically the roots are usually more important, although in parts of some African countries, the leaves may be as important or more important than the roots. The tuberous roots can be 15–100 cm in length and reach a weight of 0.5–2.0 kg (Knoth, 1993). They have no function in vegetative propagation, which is done using stem cuttings. The roots contain large carbohydrate reserves, mainly as starch. Although the function of the starch-bearing tissue is not completely clear, it is assumed that it helps the plant to survive unfavourable conditions such as drought. This chapter considers world cassava utilization and the nutritional value of the root and leaves for human consumption. The current state of knowledge on cassava storage and smallscale processing is presented with the emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa.

/pdf/cassava-utilization-storage-and-small-scale-processing-4krurp6wi0.pdf

Cassava Utilization, Storage and Small-scale Processing

Financial services for small and medium-scale aquaculture and fisheries producers

Patterns of human consumption of sorghum are well documented. Much less is known about the
industrial utilization of the crop and the market opportunities this presents for poor sorghum
producers. This study documents the emerging patterns of industrial utilization and provides evidence
that between 10-40% of rainy-season sorghum is used for nonfood uses. Postrainy-season sorghum
utilization remains solely for food purposes as it is not price competitive as an industrial raw material.
The main utilization sectors are the poultry feed sector (approximately 0.5 million t per year); the dairy
feed sector (approximately 0.2 million t per year); and the grain alcohol sector (approximately 0.1
million t per year). In the most important utilization sector, poultry feed, sorghum utilization is related
to the price of competing cereals, particularly maize. Sorghum is used when prices are 20-30% lower
than that of maize. With the demand for poultry feed estimated to be 15% per year, and with limited
opportunities for increased maize production, the demand for sorghum is likely to strengthen.
However, the impact of trade liberalization and particularly maize imports will have to be considered.
Institutional arrangements linking the key utilization industries and related public sector research have
in the past been weak. Improving these linkages through public-private sector partnerships would help
to further support private sector market development for a commodity produced by some of India's
poorest farmers.
This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department
for International Development for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are
not necessarily those of DFID [R 6687 : Crop Post-Harvest Programme].
© 2000 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi -Ar id Tropics ( ICRISAT) .
Al l rights reserved. Except for quotations of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of ICRISAT. It is hoped that this copyright declaration wi l l
not diminish the bona fide use of its research findings in agricultural research and development in or for the tropics.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not impl y the expression of any opinion
of the material in this publication whatsoever on the part of ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city,
or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does
not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute.

Industrial utilization of sorghum in India.

Industrial utilisation of sorghum in India. 44 pp. Working Paper, Series No. 4. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Patancheru, AP 502 324, India.

Fisheries play a key role in the livelihoods of many millions of people in developing countries. Policy Research - Implications of Liberalization of Fish Trade for Developing Countries provides a synthesis of research undert a ken on a number of issues and country case studies relating to fish trade liberalization and also presents a series of policy recommendations. The trade issues investigated include sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade, subsidies, dumping, fiscal reforms, and the use of ethical, social, eco-labelling and certification. Country case studies were prepared for Bangladesh, Guinea, India, Uganda and Vietnam. The aim of this study is to increase our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between the achievement of sustainable development outcomes and the existing provisions of international fisheries, particularly multilateral trade rules and bilateral agreements. The book should be of interest to researchers and development practitioners involved with fisheries-based communities.

Policy research - implications of liberalisation of fish trade for developing countries: synthesis report

This report maps the involvement of African smallholders in supplying produce to UK markets (with emphasis on detailed characterisation of UK markets) by determining origin of product, types of product, volumes, values and numbers of smallholders involved and destination markets. The study is important because there is strong evidence that exporters and importers are moving away from the smallest of growers, not because of product quality or productivity, but because of transaction costs associated with private retailer standards. At present, it is not clear whether production by small-scale farmers throughout Africa destined for export to retailers abroad can remain viable.

/pdf/the-production-of-fresh-produce-in-africa-for-export-to-the-3m41fywk62.pdf

The production of fresh produce in Africa for export to the United Kingdom: mapping different value chains

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