The evolution of ecological pattern caused by human activities has altered the terrestrial carbon cycle process, and it is important to explore systematic approaches to study the relationship between ecological pattern and carbon sequestration function within regions. From the new perspective of the pattern-process-function in landscape ecology, this study couples NPP-InVEST, GeoDa, MOP-PLUS, and GeoDetector models to construct a conceptual cascade framework of “Land use pattern-Evolution process-Carbon sequestration function” (LEC), which provides a new epistemology and methodology for increasing carbon sink and mitigating down carbon source. Based on natural and socioeconomic elements, the use of LEC is illustrated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, the land use pattern, evolution process, and carbon sequestration function from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed, the trends of carbon storage in 2030 under four development scenarios were simulated, the driving mechanism of carbon sequestration function was studied, and the carbon sequestration function enhancement strategy based on the LEC was proposed. The results indicate that the land use pattern determines the spatial distribution and aggregation of carbon sequestration function, and the evolution process forms a low-carbon zone with construction land expansion, leading to a reduction in carbon storage. However, the ecological protection simulation scenario increases the high-carbon zone, which effectively slows down the decreasing trend of carbon sequestration function. Based on a comprehensive understanding of LEC, regional carbon storage can be enhanced through scientific allocation, priority protection, and efficient utilization of land use pattern. LEC contributes to the sustainability of complex natural-social-economic systems and provides an innovative approach for regional landscape pattern optimization policy formulation and carbon sequestration function enhancement. 

Research on regional terrestrial carbon storage based on the pattern-process-function

Land use planning studies are accumulating in unprecedented quantities, and have created a wide space for an extensive summary, the synthesis of fundamental developments, a sharpening of the focus of future study issues, and the dissemination of concise information among the academic community and the policy making environment. Nonetheless, the publication rate and content coverage of land use planning literature reviews have been relatively low. This study aims to contribute to the field by first assessing the effectiveness of the bibliometric method as a literature study method. It then summarizes the developments in the land use planning literature in general path building process, the planning context, and the development of methods. The study findings highlight that the bibliometric method tends to reward information carriage papers rather than original contributors. More than 85% of the time, published articles are cited for general information rather than their core research contribution, suggesting the incomprehensiveness of the bibliometric method in studying real knowledge development. In terms of the land use planning context, significant gaps are observed, particularly in urban land use, including the detachment of the general goal-oriented objective formulations from basic land use allocation theories and conceptual models. A serious concern also arises that the formulations of certain urban land use optimization objectives appear to contradict the original concept of a sustainable city. To address these gaps, this paper suggests several key research frontiers, including linking the basic land use allocation and utility theories to land use optimization, and a need to shift current urban land use planning/optimization approaches from spatial optimization, which changes land uses to meet flow resources, towards optimizing the flow of resources to fit the resilient nature of existing spatial configurations and physical establishments in the built environment. Additionally, evaluating the existing built environment for optimality should be prioritized rather than solely focusing on new developments. In terms of method development, the study suggests that advancing current loosely coupled methods into more integrated systems may be a promising frontier. In general, the paper strongly suggests the possible reiteration of the land use planning study landscape to make sustainable development discourse more concrete and to make the method development stage involve more integrated systems. Immediate research interventions may be the standardizing of land use planning studies through the development of protocols and standard benchmark problems.

A Land Use Planning Literature Review: Literature Path, Planning Contexts, Optimization Methods, and Bibliometric Methods

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of ecosystem service bundle based on multi-scenario simulation in Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration, China.

Abstract To understand the effect of carbon metabolism of “production-living-ecological” (PLE) space evolution caused by land use change in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (CZT) urban agglomeration, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of PLE space carbon metabolism by constructing a carbon flow model. Using ecological network analysis and utility analysis, the influence of positive and negative carbon flow on carbon metabolism was evaluated. And driving factors on carbon metabolism were explored through Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the net carbon flow in CZT urban agglomeration kept negative, and the negative carbon flow mainly came from the transformation from ecological space to production space. In the ecological utility network, the control &amp; exploitation relationship dominated from 2000 to 2005, then shifted to competition relationship from 2005 to 2020. Mutualism relationship appeared in 2000–2005 and then disappeared completely in the later period. The values of the overall ecological utility function M were all less than 1. The driving factors of carbon metabolism in PLE space were mainly elevation, population and nighttime light. Carbon metabolism is an important part of urban material and energy cycle, and the study of carbon metabolism in PLE space is important for regional carbon cycle and carbon emission and sequestration, mitigating climate change and maintaining regional sustainable development. 

Carbon Metabolism in “Production-Living-Ecological” Space in Urban Agglomeration Based on Land Use Change

Rapid urbanization and its associated surface modifications play a vital role in generating and intensifying the urban heat island (UHI). Numerous research has investigated the impact of landscape composition and structure on urban land surface temperature (LST), yet the spatial clustering and heterogeneity between urbanization and the regional thermal environment remained largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed land use dynamics and LST variations in the Guangxi Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration (GBG_UA) from 2000 to 2020. The spatial relationships between urban expansion and the regional thermal environment were explored by bivariate spatial autocorrelation and coupling coordination degree analysis. The results demonstrated that the land use in the GBG_UA remained relatively stable, except for the expansion of developed land in urban centers. The area of heat island zones clearly increased, leading to an enhancement of the UHI effect. Urban development and the regional thermal environment exhibited a robust positive spatial autocorrelation. The H-H (High-High) and L-L (Low-Low) types displayed significant aggregation effects. The H-H cluster areas dominated the central urban cores of prefecture-level cities, while the L-L correlation areas were primarily found in mountainous regions. The overall coupling coordination degree was relatively low, with most areas falling into the moderate dissonance level. While it showed a positive shift, with the regions of concordance levels expanding and coupling coordination degree increased. Our study reveals a close spatial correlation between urban sprawl and the UHI effect. The results can offer valuable insights for optimizing the urban green infrastructure to enhance urban heat mitigation and adaptation. 

Investigating the spatial interaction between urban expansion and the regional thermal environment in Guangxi Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration of China

Multi-scenario Simulation for 2060 and Driving Factors of the Eco-spatial Carbon Sink in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration, China

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Multi-scenario Simulation for 2060 and Driving Factors of the Eco-spatial Carbon Sink in the Beibu Gulf Urban Agglomeration, China