Successes and challenges in non-destructive testing of aircraft composite structures

Long fibre-reinforced thermoplastic or long fibre thermoplastic (LFT) composites possess superior specific modulus and strength, excellent impact resistance, and other advantages such as ease of pr...

A review of Long fibre thermoplastic (LFT) composites

Lithium/sulphur batteries are promising candidates for future energy storage systems, mainly due to their high potential capacity. However low sulphur utilization and capacity fading hinder practical realizations. In order to improve understanding of the system, we investigate Li/S electrode morphology changes for different ageing steps, using X-ray phase contrast tomography. Thereby we find a strong decrease of sulphur loading after the first cycle, and a constant loading of about 15% of the initial loading afterwards. While cycling, the mean sulphur particle diameters decrease in a qualitatively similar fashion as the discharge capacity fades. The particles spread, migrate into the current collector and accumulate in the upper part again. Simultaneously sulphur particles lose contact area with the conducting network but regain it after ten cycles because their decreasing size results in higher surface areas. Since the capacity still decreases, this regain could be associated with effects such as surface area passivation and increasing charge transfer resistance.

/pdf/degradation-of-li-s-battery-electrodes-on-3d-current-55dy4sdrui.pdf

Degradation of Li/S Battery Electrodes On 3D Current Collectors Studied Using X-ray Phase Contrast Tomography.

Sub-μm computed tomography (sub-μm-CT) was used to determine the fibre orientation and fibre length distribution in long glass fibre filled polypropylene. For data evaluation two different...

Evaluation of Computed Tomography Data from Fibre Reinforced Polymers to Determine Fibre Length Distribution

An apparatus and method of providing a panoramic image, the method including: preparing images of a plurality of levels, which are made by scaling each of two source images at several rates; computing a Sum of Square Difference (SSD) between two corresponding images in each of the plurality of levels of the two source images to form an image stitched together; and when stitching the two images, the overlapping area is divided into a plurality of parts and each part is assigned a weight which is linearly applied respectively to the divided part of each source image for blending color The apparatus includes stitching units to stitch source images together at the plurality of levels and blending units to color blend the source images in the overlapped area

Method and apparatus for providing panoramic view with high speed image matching and mild mixed color blending

The invention relates to the detection of an edge-free irregularity (50b) in a convex surface which comprises a structuring (50a) that is delimited by edges. According to the invention, a three-dimensional representation of the surface is generated. The convexity is extracted from the three-dimensional representation of the surface, and the edges of the structuring are smoothed in order to obtain a convex-free representation of the convex surface which exhibits the irregularity and the structuring whose edges are now smoothed. The convex-free representation is compared with a threshold value in order to detect the flat areas of the convex-free representation. The surfaces of the detected areas (50a, 50b) are analyzed, whereby an area (50b) is detected as being irregular when the surface thereof is larger than its predetermined surface. Bulges or constrictions can be identified with certainty during real-time operation by using this device for carrying out quality control of tires, and can be differentiated from a marking which is intentionally provided on the tire. Band-pass filtering is carried out by means of two low-pass filters. The smoothing is non-linear. Pixel artifacts and singular artifacts are removed. A media filter is used.

Detection of irregularities in a convex surface, such as a tire sidewall, using band-pass filtering

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is an established method in the field of medical CT to obtain quantitative information on a material of interest instead of mean attenuation coefficients only. In the field of industrial X-ray imaging dual-energy techniques have been used to solve special problems on a case-by-case basis rather than as a standard tool. Our goal is to develop an easy-to-use dual-energy solution that can be handled by the average industrial operator without the need for a specialist. We are aiming at providing dual-energy CT as a measurement tool for those cases where qualitative images are not enough and one needs additional quantitative information (e.g. mass density ρ and atomic number Z) about the sample at hand. Our solution is based on an algorithm proposed by Heismann et al. (2003) [1] for application in medical CT . As input data this algorithm needs two CT data sets, one with low (LE) and one with high effective energy (HE). A first order linearization is applied to the raw data, and two volumes are reconstructed thereafter. The dual-energy analysis is done voxel by voxel, using a pre-calculated function F(Z) that implies the parameters of the low and high energy measurement (such as tube voltage, filtration and detector sensitivity). As a result, two volume data sets are obtained, one providing information about the mass density ρ in each voxel, the other providing the effective atomic number Z of the material therein. One main difference between medical and industrial CT is that the range of materials that can be contained in a sample is much wider and can cover the whole range of elements, from hydrogen to uranium. Heismann’s algorithm is limited to the range of elements Z=1–30, because for Z>30 the function F(Z) as given by Heismann is not a bijective function anymore. While this still seems very suitable for medical application, it is not enough to cover the complete range of industrial applications. We therefore investigated the possibilities of extending the afore mentioned approach to dual-energy imaging to a wider range of materials.

Quantitative material analysis by dual-energy computed tomography for industrial NDT applications

In a method for characterizing a surface comprising a localized unevenness, a contour line of the surface is initially created as a function of a location variable (10). Subsequently, the localized unevenness is detected in the contour line (12) and eliminated from the contour line (14), so that an incomplete contour line results as a function of the location variable, which characterizes the surface without the localized unevenness. The incomplete contour line may be used to either be able to evaluate the surface without any localized points of unevenness, for example to determine the side wobble or height wobble of a tire, if the surface is a side flank and/or a running tread of a vehicle tire, or to classify the localized points of unevenness without any influence of the surface.

Method and Apparatus for Characterizing a Surface, and Method and Apparatus for Determining a Shape Anomaly of a Surface

In a method for characterizing a surface comprising a localized unevenness, a contour line of the surface is initially created as a function of a location variable. Subsequently, the localized unevenness is detected in the contour line and eliminated from the contour line, so that an incomplete contour line results as a function of the location variable, which characterizes the surface without the localized unevenness. The incomplete contour line may be used to either be able to evaluate the surface without any localized points of unevenness, for example to determine the side wobble or height wobble of a tire, if the surface is a side flank and/or a running tread of a vehicle tire, or to classify the localized points of unevenness without any influence of the surface.

Measuring for device for contactless measurement of tires

A device for quality testing of a body comprising a surface comprising a structuring bounded by edges and a substantially edge-free unevenness, wherein the structuring illustrates a quality impairment and wherein the unevenness illustrates a potential quality impairment, includes a means for generating a height representation, wherein the height representation of the surface includes the structuring and the unevenness. A means for calculating a variation representation calculates the variation associated to the point for every point of the height representation, so that at a boundary of the structuring a high variation is obtained, while at a boundary of the unevenness a low variation is obtained. A means for detecting regions which are potentially quality affecting detects regions as potentially quality-affecting which comprise a variation which is smaller than a predetermined variation threshold value regarding its magnitude. These potentially quality-affecting regions may then be further examined for different criteria to exclude the uncritical regions and to find out only the actually quality-affecting regions from the number of potentially quality-affecting regions. Thus, a safe quality control of vehicle tires on which a writing is attached as a structuring and which comprises bulges or constrictions as substantially edge-free unevennesses may be obtained.

Device and method for a quality test of a body

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