The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an important contributor to milk, meat, power, fuel and leather production in many developing countries. Buffaloes can be categorized into Asian and Mediterranean buffaloes. Asian buffalo includes two subspecies known as Riverine and Swamp types. Riverine (water buffalo) and Swamp buffaloes possess different genetics (50 vs. 48 chromosomes, respectively), morphology (body frame, body weight, horn shape and skin color) and behavior (wallowing in mud or water) and thus, are reared and used for different purposes. Low per head milk yield, poor reproductive performance (seasonal breeding behavior, anestrous, and longer calving interval) and low growth rate in buffaloes have been attributed to insufficient supply of nutrients. In many parts of Asia, where the buffalo is an integral part of the food chain and rural economy, irregular and inadequate availability of quality feedstuffs and their utilization are hampering the performance of this unique animal. Balanced nutrition and better management can enhance buffalo productivity. Many efforts have been made in the last few decades to improve nutrient supply and utilization in buffaloes. Recent research on locally available feed resources such as crop residues, and industrial by-products, dietary addition of micronutrients, use of performance modifiers and use of ruminally protected fat and protein sources have shown significant potential to improve growth, milk yield and reproductive performance of buffaloes. However, a number of issues, including establishment of nutrient requirements for dairy and beef, development of buffalo calf feeding systems, nutritional management of metabolic and reproductive anomalies, and understanding and exploitation of the buffalo gut ecosystem, need to be addressed. Extensive coordinated research and extension efforts are required for improved buffalo nutrition in developing countries.

Nutritional Management for Buffalo Production

ice straw and bran are low in protein. This study examined protein supplement (SPN) composed of CASREA (cassava-urea complex) and SOYXYL (protected-protein soybean meal) in rice straw and bran based ration offered to beef cattle. Experiment 1: Casrea1 (no extruded 32% urea and 58% cassava), Casrea2 (extruded 22% urea and 68% cassava), Casrea3 (extruded 27% urea and 63% cassava), and Casrea4 (extruded 32% urea and 58% cassava) were incubated in ruminal fluid. Experiment 2: Protected-protein soybean meal with xylose from Black LiquorA¢â‚¬â„¢s (BL) of 0, 3, 6, or 9% and extruded at 120, 150, or 180oC, were incubated in ruminal fluid. Experiment 3: The best treatments of experiments 1 and 2 were used as SPN. Sixteen dairy cattle bulls aged 12-15 months were divided into 4 blocks to receive one of the following treatments: R0= rice straw and bran, R1= R0 with SPN A, R2= R0 with SPN B, R3= R0 with SPN C. SPN A, B and C composed of CASREA:SOYXYL in ratio of 20:80, 50:50, and 80:20, respectively. Casrea 2 had the highest microbial protein and post rumen protein digestibility of 29.04 mg and 76.16%, respectively. Protected-protein soybean meal with xylose from BL 3% and extruded at 1500C had the highest microbial protein and post rumen protein digestibility. SPN increased dry matter, organic matter and protein intake and their digestibility, ration efficiency, and daily gain. The highest daily gain (0.85 kg.d-1), ration efficiency (11%), and income over feed cost (Rp 7500 head-1.d-1) were R3. R3 had lower methane energy compare to R0. The result indicated that JDP supplemented with SPN (80% CASREA and 20% SOYXYL) improved ration efficiency and performance of cattle. Key words: rice straw, rice bran, cassava, urea, soybean meal

/pdf/strategi-suplementasi-protein-ransum-sapi-potong-berbasis-1j21o19y0c.pdf

Strategi Suplementasi Protein Ransum Sapi Potong Berbasis Jerami dan Dedak Padi

With the increase in the global buffalo herd, the use of supplementation in the ruminant feeding has become an important area for many researchers who are looking for an isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet to improve production parameters. In order to improve the performance of the Asian water buffalo, the optimal balance of all nutrients, including energy and protein, are important as macronutrients. Dietary supplementation is one of the alternatives to enhance the essential nutrient content in the buffalo diet and to improve the rumen metabolism of the animal. Researchers have found that supplementation of concentrate and rumen bypass fat could change growth performance and carcass traits without causing any adverse effects on the buffalo growth. Some studies showed that dry matter intake, body condition score and some blood parameters and hormones related to growth responded positively to concentrate and rumen bypass fat supplementation. In addition, changes of feeding management by adding the supplement to the ruminant basal diet helped to increase the profit of the local farmers due to the increased performance and productivity of the animals. Nevertheless, the effects of dietary supplementation on the performance of ruminants are inconsistent. Thus, its long-term effects on the health and productivity of buffaloes still need to be further investigated.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/7/2033/pdf

The Impact of Feed Supplementations on Asian Buffaloes: A Review

This study was conducted to investigate the scenario of buffalo production and reproduction under different farming systems at Subarno Char, in the coastal area of Bangladesh. A total of 14 farms were randomly selected and studied for various traits live weight (LW); daily milk yield (DMY); lactation length (LL); lactation production (LP); calving interval (CI); gestation length (GL); post partum heat period (PPH); age at first calving (AFC) and service per conception (SPC) of buffaloes through pre designed questionnaire, direct observation and available records. The LW (372.31±14.64 kg) and DMY (1.99±0.16 liter/day/cow) were found to be highest under semi-intensive bathan farming systems than other systems, however, the LL (275.25±2.857 days) and LP (628.80±34.49 liter) were found higher under extensive bathan farming system irrespective of breeds. On the other hand, LW (390.54±14.06 kg), DMY (2.82±0.13 liter/day/cow), LL (284.96±3.31 days) and LP (899.75±52.83 liter) were higher in River type buffaloes than other types. The GL (305.37±0.72 days), CI (640.34±51.31 days), AFC (54.72±1.57 months) and SPC (1.62±0.21) were found lowest under semi-intensive bathan farming system, but PPHP (134.04±5.30 days) was found lowest under the extensive bathan farming system. The GL (301.74±0.63 days), PPHP (123.21±7.50 days), AFC (47.00±1.35 months) and SPC (1.40±0.16) were found lowest in River type buffaloes, but CI (660.31±43.82) was lowest in crossbred buffalo cows. The birth weight was highest (28.28±0.48 kg) under semi-intensive bathan farming system. Productive and reproductive performances of buffaloes under the study area found were moderate. The profitability of buffalo rearing under extensive farming system was higher than other. The findings of this study may assist farmers and policy makers in making decisions for future buffalo farming and undertaking the genetic improvement program to increase the milk production in Bangladesh.

http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_526627_7f547bd5ebc3d98328f6f30d50c3e8ad.pdf

Performance Traits of Buffalo under Extensive and Semi-Intensive Bathan System

An experiment was conducted to assess the lactation performance and nutrient utilization of early lactating crossbred dairy cows fed with molasses based multi-nutrient liquid supplement (MMLS). A total of eighteen early lactating cows were divided into three groups (T1, T2 and T3) with six cows in each group following completely randomized design on the basis of body weight and milk production. Cows were fed concentrate mixture, green fodder and wheat straw to meet the nutrient requirement. The control group (T1) was fed basal diet without MMLS, whereas treatment groups (T2 and T3) were fed MMLS replacing 15 and 30% concentrate mixture, respectively. Feeding of MMLS did not show any significant change in average intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) compared to control group. The ether extract (EE) intake of MMLS fed groups (T2 and T3) was lower (P<0.05) due to high EE content of concentrate mixture compared to MMLS. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake of T3 was higher (P<0.05) due to higher wheat straw intake. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF were noted unchanged among all the three groups. The MMLS feeding did not show any significant change in milk yield of the animals when compared to control group. The findings of current study suggested that there was no adverse effect on intake and digestibility of nutrients and lactation performance due to feeding of MMLS to dairy cows while replacing up to 30% of concentrate mixture in diet. * Corresponding author KEYWORDS

/pdf/effect-of-feeding-molasses-based-multi-nutrient-liquid-1151d1tq8y.pdf

Effect of feeding molasses based multi-nutrient liquid supplement on early lactation performance, intake and nutrient digestibility in crossbred cows

Twenty male buffalo calves of 6-9 months of age (average body weight, 97 kg) were randomly allocated into two main groups of four (control) and sixteen (supplemented) calves. The supplemented group was further divided in to four equal sub-groups, with the two groups supplemented with a liquid preparation of urea-molasses, UML1, containing fish meal and UML2, containing formaldehyde treated deoiled mustard cake (FDMC) and the other two, with a semi-solid preparation, UMC1 with FDMC and deoiled rice bran (DORB) contributing similar level of CP as in UML2 and UMC2 with double the level of FDMC to that in UMC1. The control group was fed with DORB along with ad libitum wheat straw at 40:60 ratios. The rest of the groups were fed on the above diet supplemented with 500 g (as fed basis) of urea-molasses preparations. The experimental feeding was carried out for 24 weeks including a metabolism trial towards the end of experimental feeding. Daily feed intake and fortnightly change in live weight were also recorded during the study. Catalytic supplementation of 500 g urea-molasses induced 8-25% higher voluntary feed intake of wheat straw, resulting in 15-25% higher DM and OM intake. The digestibility of DM, OM, total carbohydrate, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose in all the dietary groups were comparable. The CP digestibility of calves in supplemented groups were higher (p<0.05) than the control group. The balance of nutrients, viz. N, Ca and P, was also higher in the supplemented groups. Significantly higher intake of digestible CP coupled with other digestible nutrients attributed to higher TDN (1.67-1.78 vs. 1.37 kg) and ME (5.94-6.31 vs. 4.87 Mcal) intake in urea-molasses supplemented groups which resulted in higher live weight gain compared to that in control group (p<0.01). Between the supplements, UML2 and UMC2 faired non-significantly, indicating formalin treated mustard cake as a suitable replacement to fishmeal in the supplement. The overall ranking based on intake and digestibility of nutrients, live weight gain, economic evaluation and input-output relationship revealed that the rations with UML2 and UMC1 to be of greater value compared to other types. From the study it can be concluded that young ruminants can be reared successfully on a basal diet of deoiled rice bran and wheat straw supplemented with cheaper urea-molasses-mineral mix. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 5 : 621-628)

Catalytic Supplementation of Urea-molasses on Nutritional Performance of Male Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves

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Catalytic Supplementation of Urea-molasses on Nutritional Performance of Male Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves