We describe those sensations that are unpleasant, intense, or distressing as painful. Pain is not homogeneous, however, and comprises three categories: physiological, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. Multiple mechanisms contribute, each of which is subject to or an expression of neural plasticity-the capacity of neurons to change their function, chemical profile, or structure. Here, we develop a conceptual framework for the contribution of plasticity in primary sensory and dorsal horn neurons to the pathogenesis of pain, identifying distinct forms of plasticity, which we term activation, modulation, and modification, that by increasing gain, elicit pain hypersensitivity.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/288/5472/1765.full.pdf

Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain.

Central Sensitization: A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity

Peripheral tissue damage or nerve injury often leads to pathological pain processes, such as spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, that persist for years or decades after all possible tissue healing has occurred. Although peripheral neural mechanisms, such as nociceptor sensitization and neuroma formation, contribute to these pathological pain processes, recent evidence indicates that changes in central neural function may also play a significant role. In this review, we examine the clinical and experimental evidence which points to a contribution of central neural plasticity to the development of pathological pain. We also assess the physiological, biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie plasticity induced in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to noxious peripheral stimulation. Finally, we examine theories which have been proposed to explain how injury or noxious stimulation lead to alterations in CNS function which influence subsequent pain experience.

/pdf/contribution-of-central-neuroplasticity-to-pathological-pain-m3ucvtce0k.pdf

Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence

Natural products afford a window of opportunity to study important biology. If the natural product is used or abused by human beings, finding its biological target(s) is all the more significant. Hot pepper is eaten on a daily basis by an estimated one-quarter of the world’s population and

Vanilloid (Capsaicin) Receptors and Mechanisms

1. The contribution of activity in spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons to the pain and neurogenic hyperalgesia produced by an intradermal injection of 100 micrograms of capsaicin was investigated. El...

Neurogenic hyperalgesia: central neural correlates in responses of spinothalamic tract neurons

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Neurogenic hyperalgesia: central neural correlates in responses of spinothalamic tract neurons