Design of a concrete structure

The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) causes pollution to the environment, due to the emission of CO2. Geopolymer Concrete,an alternate materialis introduced to replace OPC. Low Calcium Fly ash, a by-product from the coal industry, is widely available in the world. Silicate and Alumina are rich inFly ash.Hence it reacts with alkaline solution to produce Alumina silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a good concrete. The compressive strength increases with the increasing of fly ash fineness and thus the reduction in porosity can be obtained. The flexural behaviour of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams and control cement concrete beams are examined. The designed compressive strength of concrete is 50N/mm2. A total of four beams is castover an effective span of 3000 mm and tested up to failure under static loads. The load-displacement response of the geopolymer concrete beams and control beams are obtained and compared with the theoretical results. The results show that thegeopolymer concrete beams exhibit increased flexural strength.The deflections at different stages including service load and peak load stage are higher for GPC beams.

/pdf/flexural-behaviour-of-reinforced-low-calcium-fly-ash-based-1cijh96xc9.pdf

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Low Calcium Fly Ash based Geopolymer Concrete Beam

This paper presents the nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) that has been carried out to simulate the behaviour of failure modes of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure by Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. Two beams were modeled in FEM software using ANSYS. In those two beams, one beam is control beam without FRP and other beam is Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) strengthened beams. From the analyses the load deflection relationships, crack pattern, first crack load and Ultimate load was obtained and compared with the experimental results available in Literature. The load deflection plots obtained from numerical studies show good agreement with the experimental plots. There was a difference in behaviour between the RC beams strengthened with and without GFRP layers. Therefore, modeling of experimental beams can be adoptable in ANSYS. Validation of experimental results can also be done using ANSYS.

/pdf/comparative-study-of-experimental-and-analytical-results-of-rj9n5uv5wi.pdf

Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened beams in flexure

This paper presents the result of an experimental study investigating the effect of external wrapping using Carbon fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) laminates on load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams. The main variables considered in this work were the internal reinforcement ratio and position of the strengthening. The result of this work generally indicates that beams strengthened by CFRP laminates are structurally efficient and were upgraded to more load carrying capacity. The deficient beams showed more softening due to crack propagation, whereas the beams, when strengthened by the laminates lost partial ductility. The maximum two point loads in which the beam deficient in flexure failed was recorded as 120 kN, and this load for the beam deficient in flexure and strengthened by CFRP laminates got enhanced to 168 kN. The corresponding loads for beam deficient in shear was 115 kN, whereas this load for the beam deficient in shear and strengthened by CFRP laminates increased to 167 kN. It is encouraging to note that about 40% increase in load carrying capacity for the beams deficient in flexure and strengthened by CFRP laminates, and about 45% increase in load carrying capacity for the beams deficient in shear and strengthened by CFRP laminates is attained.

Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using cfrp laminates

Computational modeling of fracture in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) beam considering various phenomena has been a challenging task over the years. This paper presents a crack modeling methodology in three dimensions for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened RCC beam by performing a three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of the beam subjected to four point loading. The concrete is modeled as inelastic material. Various concrete failure parameters such as shear transfer coefficients, uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths, biaxial compressive and crushing strengths and stiffness reduction in cracked concrete in tensile region are considered. In numerical studies an unstrengthened beam with and without hanger bars are considered for the analysis and results are compared with experimental results. In the next case, a CFRP strengthened RCC beam is considered for analysis. A parametric study is performed considering different length of CFRP used for flexural strengthening of beams, modeling CFRP as Isotropic and orthotropic and varying the area of steel reinforcement in tension region. The study indicates that the proposed method is able to accurately predict the behavior, crack patterns and load carrying capacity. The results are comparable with the experimental results available in the literature.

Modeling of CFRP strengthened RCC beam using the nonlinear finite element method

Experimental based analysis has been widely used as a means to find out the response of individual elements of structure. To study these components finite element analyses are now widely used & become the choice of modern engineering tools for the researcher. In the present study, destructive test on simply supported beam was performed in the laboratory & load-deflection data of that under-reinforced concrete beams was recorded. After that finite element analysis was carried out by ANSYS, SAS 2005 by using the same material properties. Finally results from both the computer modeling and experimental data were compared. From this comparison it was found that computer based modeling is can be an excellent alternative of destructive laboratory test with an acceptable variation of results. In addition, an analytical investigation was carried out for a beam with ANSYS, SAS 2005 with different reinforcement ratio (under, balanced, over). The observation was mainly focused on reinforced concrete beam behavior at different points of interest which were then tabulated and compared. From these observation it shows that 1 cracking location is 0.43L ~ 0.45L from the support. Maximum load carrying capacity at 1 cracking was observed for over reinforced beam but on the other it was the balanced condition beam at ultimate load. Maximum deflection at failure was also observed for the beam that balanced reinforced.

http://www.ijens.org/Vol%2011%20I%2001/118101-4747%20IJET-IJENS.pdf

Experimental and analytical investigation of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beam

Aim: To evaluate prevalence and knowledge about halitosis among the patients visiting orthodontic department after application of Orthodontics appliances. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Orthodontics, Bacha Khan College of Dentistry, Mardan from 1st October 2020 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: A questionnaire based study was carried out on a total of 700 orthodontic patients. Only those patients were included who had orthodontic appliances. Results: 52.30% of the respondents were having prevalence of bad breath. Among those who had prevalence of bad breath, approximately two third (73%) were self-aware of their bad breath. 530 (75.71%) were conscious that they should appointment a dentist while majority were uninformed of the medical term for bad breath i.e. meaning of Halitosis 470 (67.15%). Conclusion: The frequency of halitosis amongst the patients was found to be 52.30%. Keywords: Halitosis, Oral Hygiene, Awareness, Oral health status, Oral malodor

Prevalence of Halitosis among Orthodontics Patients

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has gained worldwide acceptance in the field of dentistry, because it provides definite images in the form of slices of single roots which can accurately measure the crown and root lengths of all the teeth including premolars. Crown and root lengths have its applications in surgical extrusion and crown lengthening in cases of tooth wear. Aim: To document the frequency of crown-root ratio (using CBCT images) in longitudinal section of the premolar teeth. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Radiology, Khyber College of Dentistry and Hospital, Peshawar and Department of Radiology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2020 to 30th June 2020. Methodology: One hundred and thirty five patients of both the genders were selected by obtaining there CBCT images. A written informed consent was taken from the patients or their attendants through concerned dentist who advised CBCT. Data of crown root ratio of premolar teeth were recorded in the form of categorical variables (crown and root length). Results: The mean age was 29.64±4.47 years. The highest frequency of patients was of 28(14.8%) years and 29(17%) years. There were 87(64.4%) males while 48(35.5%) females. Conclusion: There is significant difference of crown root ratio between the premolars of maxilla and mandible and the right and left quadrants of both arches. Key words: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), crown-to-root ratio (CRR), Premolar

/pdf/a-prospective-study-of-the-various-categories-of-crown-to-17vqaj1c.pdf

A prospective study of the Various Categories of Crown to Root Ratio of Premolars by Using Cone Beam CT Images

Background: A space between adjacent central incisor teeth is termed "diastema or diastemata". Midline diastema in mixed dentition is a great center of concern for parents as well as their children, therefore, determining the time of closure of midline diastema is essential for clinical practice in Orthodontic and the study was aimed to determine the frequency of midline diastema in both maxillary and mandibular arches in patients. Material and Method: The current study was carried out at Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan, Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa to determine the frequency of midline diastema in both maxillary and mandibular arches in patients for which a total of 200 responders have examined 100 responders were males while 100 were female. Results: The frequency of Midline diastema was 12%, out of 200 hundred in which Maxillary midline diastema was 5% and Mandibular midline diastema was 5.5% and both the arches were found to be 1.5% in females. Conclusion: The finding of the current study is that the population of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa has several Midline diastemata affecting their esthetic. A similar study to find out the etiology of Midline diastema is suggested which requires a large sample size. Keywords: Midline diastema, Frequency, Orthodontic

Frequency of Midline Diastema in patients reported To OPD of Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan

Background: Satisfaction with dental appearance is significant amongst youths as decision concerning the individual features, of persons is inclined by their dental look in the lack of other data. Aim: To govern the self-assessment dental look pleasure among dental students Study Design: descriptive cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Khyber Medical University, Institute of Dental Sciences Kohat from 1st March 2021 to 31st October 2021. Methodology: Two hundred and fifty students were enrolled. The history of jaw trauma or those getting or had received orthodontic management were excluded. Results: There were 112 (44.8%) males and 138 (55.2) females with mean age was 21±1.30 years. One hundred and forty seven (58.8%) dental students had good psychological wellbeing concerning their dental aesthetic appearance whereas 73 (29.2%) dental students had satisfactory and 30 (12%) had poor psychological well-being concerning their dental looks. Conclusion: More than 50% of the students stated happiness with their dental appearance. Male students were better gratified than the female students which are apparently due to the nature of women and the pressure and delusion of our culture that only good looking girls will find a groom with better future. Keywords: Dental aesthetic, Self-assessment, Oral subjective Impact Scale (OASIS), Khyber Medical University- Institute of Dental Sciences (KMU-IDS)

Dental Aesthetic Self-Assessment among Dental Students

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