A Study on Trend and Growth of Cashew Nuts Production in Tamil Nadu

Aim/Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the marketing challenges faced by Zanzibar’s seaweed producers and to recommend suitable strategies. 
Methodology: A case study approach was adopted. The study combined semi-structured questionnaires and informal group discussions with the farmers as tools for primary data collection. A total of 592 seaweed farmers from both Unguja and Pemba participated in the study. The farmers were selected through multistage sampling. Analysis of challenges was done through the Garrett ranking method. 
Results: It was found that the leading marketing challenges for seaweed farmers are the absence of minimum selling price (MSP), limited buyers and the inability to set prices. The absence of MSP was linked to the absence of the industry’s supporting policies. At the same time, limited buyers emanated from the lack of the industry’s business strategy, limited linkage to the domestic market and lack of export differentiation. Farmers’ inability to set prices was found to be a result of exporters’ setting buying prices. Similarly, the study found that the farmers face intense competition due to limited production variety and being large in number. Farmers also were found to have limited marketing and promotional skills and lacked business strategies. 
Conclusion: Several interventions are required to support the seaweed farmers in Zanzibar. First, the creation of guiding industry’s business and marketing/product strategies. Further creation of the industry’s guiding and supporting policies is crucial. Second, establishing domestic demand and linking the industry to its potential users at individual and industrial levels is critical for the survival of Zanzibar’s seaweed industry. Third, the establishment of carrageenan extraction industries to establish export product differentiation. Capacity-building training is vital for farmers in agri-business and financial management areas. Government procurement and provision of storage facilities to minimise the offloading challenge are also needed to lessen the effect of same-time offloading, which exposes farmers to low prices. Lastly, financial assistance should also be provided to promote and upscale seaweed value-addition activities on the island. 
Originality/Value:  Examination of marketing challenges faced by seaweed farmers in Zanzibar was conducted using the Garrett ranking technique, and suitable recommendations were proposed.

https://journalajaees.com/index.php/AJAEES/article/download/1710/3419

Marketing Challenges Faced by Seaweed Farmers in Zanzibar, Tanzania

The present study aims at estimating compound annual growth rate of forest area in the high altitude zone of Andhra Pradesh state. The study was based on secondary data, which were collected from various published and unpublished sources. The data related to forest area was collected for the period of 1990-91 to 2020-21. For detailed analysis, the whole period was divided into two sub-periods i.e., period I (1990-91 to 2004-05), period II (2006-07 to 2020-21). The overall compound growth rate of forest area under high altitude zone of Andhra Pradesh was positive (0.54 per cent). But negative growth rate (-0.0048 per cent) was found in area for the HAT Zone in period-I (1990-91 to 2005-06) and positive growth rate (1.74 per cent) was found in area for the HAT Zone in period-II (2006-07 to 2020-21). Compound annual growth rate of forest area was found positive in overall period for the high altitude zone. Contingent Valuation (CV) and its two arms like Willingness To Pay (WTP) and Willingness To Accept (WTA) are survey methods that were supposed to measure the value of non-market goods mainly for minor forest products. Willingness To Accept usually consists of getting the information from the producers on how much they are willing to accept to avoid a negative or to accept a positive outcome. The results showed that willingness to accept was significant for all minor forest products like beedi leaves (Diospyros melanoxylon), soap nut (Sapindus trifoliatus), honey, bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), firewood, vegetables, mushroom, fruits and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). The empirical results revealed that producers were willing to accept a premium for these forest products but lack of store availability, lack of credit facilities and middlemen exploitation were the major problems faced by the producers for which a reliable regulatory system is necessary to mitigate the quality constraint problem of forest products.

Contingent Valuation of Forest Produce in High Altitude Zone of Andhra Pradesh, India

Aims: This study aimed to analyse the growth rate of export and import of raw cashew nuts and Cashew Kernels in terms of quantity and value in India and to carry out the economic analysis and evaluate investment efficiency of Mechanised and partially mechanised processing units in the Kanyakumari District. 
Study design:  Purposive random sampling is used. 
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu in February 2022. Data were also collected from the official website of DCCD(Directorate of Cashew and Cocoa Development) and the UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) special issue on cashew nuts. 
Methodology: The growth rate of exports of cashew kernels and import of raw cashew nuts in terms of quantity and value is calculated using CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) and the instability index has also been calculated using Cuddy Della Valle Index(CDVI). Economic analysis of cashew processing units was calculated by categorizing processing units into mechanized and partially mechanized units. 10 samples in each category were selected randomly and analyses like gross returns, net returns, payback period, and break-even point were carried out. 
Results: The study lead to many important findings as follows. The CAGR of export of cashew kernels in terms of quantity and value is found to be -2.27% and 5.19% respectively. Also, the CAGR of import of raw cashews in terms of quantity and value was found to be 4.91% and 13.27% respectively. The net returns from processed cashew products gave a mechanised business an edge over a partially mechanised firm (a mechanised firm earned a net return of Rs.31126/tonne, whereas a partially mechanised firm received a net return of Rs.18032/tonne). 
Conclusion: Also, this study shows that even though mechanization involves a large initial expenditure, mechanisation is a beneficial alternative in the long term. 
As a recommendation, it could be suggested from the study that mechanization is a feasible option wherever there is labour shortage as it can help the processors to maintain the quantity of cashew processed to obtain the benefits.

https://journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/download/31760/59597

Performance of Cashew Processing Units in Tamil Nadu; A Case Study in Kanyakumari

Aims: Cashew is one of the most valuable processed nuts on global commodity markets and has the potential to generate employment and revenue for developing countries. India is the second largest exporter of cashew kernels in the world and earns a sizeable amount of foreign exchange. In India, cultivation of cashew is confined to Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra along the west coast and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast. Cashew trees tend to be grown on marginal and less fertile land and may continue to produce for many years without the intensive inputs and labour that other crops require. Considering the promising future of the cashew market, the study aimed to analyse the trend and pattern of the cashew area, production and productivity in Kerala. 
Methodology: For the purpose of the study, secondary data were collected for the period of 2000 – 2020 (20 years) from authenticated source like Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. 
Results: Among the total area (1125’000 ha) and production the (703’000 MT) in India, Kerala contributed only 8.5 percent area and 12.37 percent of production in the last year (2020). The trend in area, production and productivity shows a negative compound annual growth rate during the study period. This is mainly because; many of the farmers have shifted their crops to other lucrative crops like rubber and other plantations. As they found that these crops are profitable than cashew, moreover, compared to plantation crops, cashew still confined mostly to marginal and poor fertile lands and is considered as a wasteland crop and the recommended package of practice is not followed. This result in lowering the production and the productivity. 
Conclusion: Farmers will benefit if they tap the opportunities of increasing demand of cashew in India and at the world level with the government support. The government may provide subsidy to farmers, to replant the aged plants with high yielding varieties which will in turn result in high productivity. As the expansion of area under cashew cultivation is difficult to achieve due to little wasteland is available and on better soil (Vernon, 1997), the homesteads and barren lands under the possession of government can be utilised for the cashew cultivation. This will help to restore the top position by the Kerala state, in the production of cashew nut in India.

The trend in Area, Production, Productivity of Cashew Nut in India with Special Reference to Kerala

Aims: India is the world's largest cashew producer, processor, and consumer. For years, India had an unrivalled and unchallenged monopoly on cashew production, processing, and marketing around the world. Considering the promising future of the cashew export market, the study aimed to analyse the problems faced by the cashew exporters in Kerala. 
Place and Duration of the Study: 65 cashew exporters (who have been continuously exporting the cashew for the last five years) in Kollam district of Kerala were selected randomly and the primary survey was conducted through a pre –tested structured questionnaire. 
Methods: To find out the most significant factor which influences the respondent, Garrett’s ranking technique is used. Garrett’s Ranking Technique provides the change of orders of problems into numerical scores. The advantage of this technique is that the problems are arranged based on their severity from the point of view of respondents. 
Results: The study highlighted that the major problems faced by the cashew exporters are high processing cost, unattainable of Standard Input-output Norms (SION), threats of foreign entrants to the domestic market, reduction in international share, the orientation of processing to big sectors, and the exploring of new markets. 
Conclusion: Thereby the protective policies like, increase exportable grades has to be fixed at ratio of 1:6, withdrawing the basic customs duty imposed on the imported cashew and increase the export incentives adopted by the government, which will helps to reduce the problems in the cashew industry. In addition to that contribute in a better way to the growth of the country by providing gainful employment opportunities via attaining women empowerment fetching foreign exchange to the nation and protecting it as a dominant position in the international market that it used to enjoy till a decade back.

Problems Faced by the Cashew Exporters in Kerala

Aim: The study aimed to identify the problems faced by the consumers while buying and using the electric two wheeler. 
Methodology: Data required for the study were collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary survey were conducted among the respondents through a pre-structured interview schedule during the month of May 2023. Secondary data were collected from websites, government reports and publications. A total of 30 respondents who are using electric vehicles were selected from Thrissur, using a random sampling method. The identified problems of consumers while buying and using electric vehicle are ranked by making use of Garrett’s Ranking Technique. 
Results: Based on Garrett’s ranking, it can be seen that the major problems faced by the consumers while buying electric vehicle were high vehicle cost and the major problem faced by the consumers while using were lack of service centers and followed by lack of skilled labor (breakdown & maintenance). 
Conclusion: The results of this study will aid marketers in understanding the problems of consumers. Understanding this would give marketers the ability to create and carry out their marketing strategies effectively, giving them a stronger competitive edge.

Problems Faced by the Consumers While Buying and Using the Electric Two Wheeler in Thrissur District, Kerala, India

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The trend in Area, Production, Productivity of Cashew Nut in India with Special Reference to Kerala

Problems Faced by the Cashew Exporters in Kerala

Problems Faced by the Consumers While Buying and Using the Electric Two Wheeler in Thrissur District, Kerala, India