Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) of various material systems are being heavily researched for the development of solid state single photon emitters, which are required for optical quantum computing and related technologies such as quantum key distribution and quantum metrology. In this review article, we give a broad spectrum overview of the QD-based single photon emitters developed to date, from the telecommunication bands in the IR to the deep UV.

Progress in quantum-dot single photon sources for quantum information technologies: A broad spectrum overview

Quantum emitters in two-dimensional materials are promising candidates for studies of light–matter interaction and next generation, integrated on-chip quantum nanophotonics. However, the realization of integrated nanophotonic systems requires the coupling of emitters to optical cavities and resonators. In this work, we demonstrate hybrid systems in which quantum emitters in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are deterministically coupled to high-quality plasmonic nanocavity arrays. The plasmonic nanoparticle arrays offer a high-quality, low-loss cavity in the same spectral range as the quantum emitters in hBN. The coupled emitters exhibit enhanced emission rates and reduced fluorescence lifetimes, consistent with Purcell enhancement in the weak coupling regime. Our results provide the foundation for a versatile approach for achieving scalable, integrated hybrid systems based on low-loss plasmonic nanoparticle arrays and 2D materials.

Deterministic Coupling of Quantum Emitters in 2D Materials to Plasmonic Nanocavity Arrays

III-Nitride nanowire optoelectronics

Reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) across a broad radio frequency band is crucial to eliminate adverse effects of increasingly complex electromagnetic environment. Current shielding materials or methods suffer from trade-offs between optical transmittance and EMI shielding capability. Moreover, poor mechanical flexibility and fabrication complexity significantly limit their further applications in flexible electronics. In this work, an ultrathin (8 nm) and continuous doped silver (Ag) film was obtained by introducing a small amount of copper during the sputtering deposition of Ag and investigated as transparent EMI shielding components. The electromagnetic Ag shielding (EMAGS) film was realized in the form of conductive dielectric-metal-dielectric design to relieve the electro-optical trade-offs, which transmits 96.5% visible light relative to the substrate and shows an excellent average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of ∼26 dB, over a broad bandwidth of 32 GHz, covering the entire X, Ku, Ka, and K bands. EMI SE >30 dB was obtained by simply stacking two layers of EMAGS films together and can be further improved up to 50 dB by separating two layers with a quarter-wavelength space. The flexible EMAGS film shows a stable EMI shielding performance under repeated mechanical bending. In addition, large-area EMAGS films were demonstrated by a roll-to-roll sputtering system, proving the feasibility for mass production. The high-performance EMAGS film holds great potential for various applications in wearable electronics, healthcare devices, and electronic safety areas.

Highly Transparent and Broadband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Based on Ultrathin Doped Ag and Conducting Oxides Hybrid Film Structures.

Significance Empirical evidence suggests that non-White scientists experience various forms of inequality, creating barriers to their entry and participation in academic research. We contribute to this literature by examining disparities in i) editorial board representation, ii) time spent under review, and iii) citation rates. Using a dataset of 1,000,000 papers from six publishers over the past two decades, we find fewer non-White editors than would be expected based on their share of authorship. Moreover, non-White scientists endure longer waiting times between the submission and acceptance of their manuscripts, and upon publication, their papers receive fewer citations than would be expected based on textual similarity. These findings highlight ways through which non-White scientists suffer from inequalities, potentially hindering their academic careers.

Non-White scientists appear on fewer editorial boards, spend more time under review, and receive fewer citations

Importance: While the literature documenting health disparities has advanced in recent decades, less is known about the pattern of racial/ethnic disparities in emergency care in the United States Objective: To describe the trends and differences of health outcomes and resource utilization among racial/ethnic groups in US emergency care for adult patients over a 12-year period Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study of emergency department (ED) data from the nationally representative National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Survey (NHAMCS) examined multiple dimensions of ED care and treatment from 2005 to 2016 among adults in the US Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes include ED care outcomes (hospital admission, ICU admission, and death in the ED/hospital), resource utilization outcomes (medical imaging use, blood test, and procedure use), and patients' waiting time in the ED The main exposure variable is race/ethnicity including white patients (non-Hispanic), black patients (non-Hispanic), Hispanic patients, Asian patients, and Other Results: During the 12-year study period, NHAMCS collected data on 247,989 adult (> 18 years old) ED encounters, providing a weighted sample of 1,065,936,835 ED visits for analysis Asian patients were 121 times more likely than white patients to be admitted to the hospital following an ED visit (aOR 121, 95% CI 112-131) Hispanic patients presented no significant difference in hospital admission following an ED visit (aOR 101, 95% CI 097-106) with white patients Black patients were 7% less likely to receive an urgent ESI score than white patients less likely to receive immediate or emergent scores, as opposed to semi- or non-urgent scores Black patients were also 10% less likely than white patients to be admitted to the hospital and were 126 times more likely than white patients to die in the ED or hospital Conclusions and Relevance: Race is associated with significant differences in ED treatment and admission rates, which may represent disparities in emergency care Hispanic and Asian Americans were equal or more likely to be admitted to the hospital compared to white patients Black patients received lower triage scores and higher mortality rates Further research is needed to understand the underlying causes and long-term health consequences of these disparities

/pdf/trends-of-racial-ethnic-differences-in-emergency-department-2fpq2pb32m.pdf

Trends of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Emergency Department Care Outcomes Among Adults in the United States From 2005 to 2016

Single photon emission was observed from site-controlled InGaN/GaN quantum dots. The single-photon nature of the emission was verified by the second-order correlation function up to 90 K, the highest temperature to date for site-controlled quantum dots. Micro-photoluminescence study on individual quantum dots showed linearly polarized single exciton emission with a lifetime of a few nanoseconds. The dimensions of these quantum dots were well controlled to the precision of state-of-the-art fabrication technologies, as reflected in the uniformity of their optical properties. The yield of optically active quantum dots was greater than 90%, among which 13%-25% exhibited single photon emission at 10 K.

/pdf/single-photon-emission-from-site-controlled-ingan-gan-2sxxothic6.pdf

Single Photon Emission from Site-Controlled InGaN/GaN Quantum Dots

Single photon emission was observed from site-controlled InGaN/GaN quantum dots. The single-photon nature of the emission was verified by the second-order correlation function up to 90 K, the highest temperature to date for site-controlled quantum dots. Micro-photoluminescence study on individual quantum dots showed linearly polarized single exciton emission with a lifetime of a few nanoseconds. The dimensions of these quantum dots were well controlled to the precision of state-of-the-art fabrication technologies, as reflected in the uniformity of their optical properties. The yield of optically active quantum dots was greater than 90%, among which 13%–25% exhibited single photon emission at 10 K.

Single photon emission from site-controlled InGaN/GaN quantum dots

We show over 100-fold enhancement of the exciton oscillator strength as the diameter of an InGaN nanodisk in a GaN nanopillar is reduced from a few micrometers to less than 40 nm, corresponding to the quantum dot limit. The enhancement results from significant strain relaxation in nanodisks less than 100 nm in diameter. Meanwhile, the radiative decay rate is only improved by 10 folds due to strong reduction of the local density of photon states in small nanodisks. Further increase in the radiative decay rate can be achieved by engineering the local density of photon states, such as adding a dielectric coating.

How much better are InGaN/GaN nanodisks than quantum wells - oscillator strength enhancement and changes in optical properties

In quantum information, control of the single photon's polarization is essential. Here, we demonstrate single photon generation in a pre-programmed and deterministic polarization state, on a chip-scale platform, utilizing site-controlled elliptical quantum dots (QDs) synthesized by a top-down approach. The polarization from the QD emission is found to be linear with a high degree of linear polarization and parallel to the long axis of the ellipse. Single photon emission with orthogonal polarizations is achieved, and the dependence of the degree of linear polarization on the QD geometry is analyzed.

Elliptical quantum dots as on-demand single photons sources with deterministic polarization states

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