The catalogue provides systematic information and collates biological and ecological references on species of the acariform mite suborder Oribatida known from North America. Despite the importance of oribatid mites in decomposition processes, this is the first such synthesis in over 75 years. The catalogue deals with 1177 species and subspecies in 329 genera, representing 108 families and 44 superfamilies. The geographical region covered is roughly the Nearctic Realm, excluding Greenland, Mexico, and oceanic islands. Fossil species are included, but quarantine interceptions are omitted. Also not treated are 16 species, listed in the literature as cosmopolitan or American, but whose occurrence in Canada and continental United States has not been confirmed. The systematic arrangement of higher taxa is compiled from many sources, but primarily expresses a functional compromise between the concepts of Grandjean and Balogh.Numerous taxonomic changes were required for the placement of taxa into a modern classification. Four family-group names are given new status (Nehypochthonioidea, Charassobatoidea, Tectocepheoidea, Achipterioidea) mostly to eliminate known polyphyletic taxa. New generic synonymies include: Acrotritia Jacot, 1923 and Peridromotritia Jacot, 1923 with Rhysotritia Markel and Meyer, 1959; Alloribates Banks, 1947 with Xylobates Jacot, 1929; and Boreozetes Hammer, 1955 with Neogymnobates Ewing, 1917. Fourteen species names are given new status, 24 others are newly synonymized, and 120 are placed in new combinations. Four recombinations resulted in junior secondary homonyms for which new names are proposed. Thirty-six species names are recognized as being of uncertain status: 20 nomina inquirendae, five nomina nuda, five unavailable names, two unplaced taxa, and four misidentifications.For each species and subspecies treated, pertinent information from 1229 references, selected on a global basis, is arranged into 14 subject categories, depending on availability of data. Direct information is provided on: location of type material, synonymies and combinations used in the literature, additional references to synonymies and combinations not included in the previous section, and distributional records (by provinces in Canada, states in the United States, and geographical realms outside North America). Number-coded literature references serve as a guide to species description, taxonomy, keys, works with numerous references, morphology, biology, food, miscellany (culture, extraction, parasitology, physiology), ecology, and remarks.

/pdf/catalogue-of-the-oribatida-acari-of-continental-united-1iineralu3.pdf

Catalogue of the oribatida (acari) of continental united states and canada

Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the humidity relationships and water balance of ticks The life cycle of ticks is composed of relatively short parasitic phases during which engorgement takes place and of the extended nonparasitic phases without access to food and liquid This imposes great demands on their water balance mechanisms When a tick sucks blood from its host, it ingests large quantities of water and ions with the blood meal To concentrate the nutrient portion of the blood, and to maintain osmotic and ionic balance, excess water and ions have to be eliminated Various devices contribute to the maintenance of water balance in unfed ticks The distribution of different species of ticks, with regard to environmental humidities, is primarily determined by the degree of their integumental waterproofing Under equilibrium conditions, the amount of water in the body of a tick is related to the level of the environmental humidity; higher ambient humidities correspond with higher body water levels in the tick The vapor uptake systems, found among arthropods, are of independent evolutionary origin In some species, the specialized structures and essential components of the mechanism may have been evolved for the primary purpose of vapor absorption

CHAPTER 2 – Humidity Relationships and Water Balance of Ticks∗

In experimentally heated plots, each spanning a microclimate and vegetation gradient within a subalpine meadow, heating enhanced both soil mesofaunal biomass and diversity in a cool, wet summer. In a warmer, drier summer, in contrast, heating depressed diversity and biomass in the drier zone of the plots and diversity in the moist zone, but enhanced biomass in the moist zone. Biomass and diversity were positively correlated across plots and, under conditions of moisture stress, both positively correlated with soil organic matter. Data from closed cores indicate that the effects of heating on mesofauna were due to in-plot effects of heating rather than to heating-induced movement of soil organisms. The sensitive response of soil mesofauna to altered microclimate and the dependence of that response on a variety of environmental factors suggest both promise and limitations in using either experimental manipulations or natural correlations between soil microclimate and mesofaunal populations to forecast effects of clinate change.

Effects of manipulated soil microclimate on mesofaunal biomass and diversity

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structure, syntheses, and composition of the tick cuticle. The success of ticks as terrestrial arthropods is related directly to the properties of their cuticles. Like other arthropods, ticks have an external skeleton or integument, which is skin, skeleton, and, if necessary, a food reserve. The cuticle is that part of the integument external that is secreted by the epidermis, which is itself supported on an internal basement membrane. The cuticle is not uniform over the entire animal but varies from hard sclerotized plates to soft extensible membranes. To allow movement, rigid plates are connected together by flexible membranes that act as hinges. There are some differences in structure between the cuticle of the alloscutum of the nymph and the female of B. microplus. In the female, maximum cuticle thickness is reached when the tick is about 4.5 mm long. Ticks, like insects, possess dermal glands throughout the epidermal layer. In insects, the dermal glands are supposed to produce the cement layer over the surface of the wax layer and this is correlated with their wide dispersal over the body surface.

The Tick Cuticle

For the first time a scanned focused ion beam of approximately 50 nm diameter has been used to prepare biological material. Small defined areas of the surface were removed by ion etching to allow examination of the underlying structures with a scanning electron microscope. Different milling procedures were carried out on two anatomical features in mites of the genus Halarachne (Halarachnidae: Mesostigmata). In the first, square holes were milled into the surface of the peritrematal plate to reveal the structure of the underlying respiratory peritrematal groove. In the second, transverse cuts were made across the shafts of the sensory sensilli which make up the sensory Haller's organ on tarsus I. This latter procedure revealed detail both within the core and walls of sensilli. Details of specimen preparation and milling procedures, as well as suitability and interpretation of results, are presented.

An application of scanned focused ion beam milling to studies on the internal morphology of small arthropods

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Respiratory Apparatus of Ticks

Some sense organs of ticks as seen by scanning electron microscopy.

Food habits and habitat preferences of these mites are summarized, and their means of dispersal discussed.

Some interesting aspects of oribatid ecology (Acarina).

A Review of the Family Oripodidae (Acarina: Oribatei)

/pdf/megeremaeidae-a-new-family-of-oribatid-mites-acari-2hkmx30z9y.pdf

Megeremaeidae, a new family of oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata)

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