The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. However, the recycling rate of lithium-ion batteries worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit the promotion of the battery recycling rate: outdated recycling technology is the most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based recycling methods rely on continuous decomposition and extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes and many chemical reagents. These methods are tedious with worse economic feasibility, and the recycling products are mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify the process and improve the economic benefits, novel recycling methods are in urgent demand, and direct recycling/regeneration is therefore proposed as a next-generation method. Herein, a comprehensive review of the origin, current status, and prospect of direct recycling methods is provided. We have systematically analyzed current recycling methods and summarized their limitations, pointing out the necessity of developing direct recycling methods. A detailed analysis for discussions of the advantages, limitations, and obstacles is conducted. Guidance for future direct recycling methods toward large-scale industrialization as well as green and efficient recycling systems is also provided. 

Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are experiencing a large-scale renaissance to supplement or replace expensive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and low energy density lead-acid batteries in electrical energy storage systems and other applications. In this case, layered oxide materials have become one of the most popular cathode candidates for SIBs because of their low cost and comparatively facile synthesis method. However, the intrinsic shortcomings of layered oxide cathodes, which severely limit their commercialization process, urgently need to be addressed. In this review, inherent challenges associated with layered oxide cathodes for SIBs, such as their irreversible multiphase transition, poor air stability, and low energy density, are systematically summarized and discussed, together with strategies to overcome these dilemmas through bulk phase modulation, surface/interface modification, functional structure manipulation, and cationic and anionic redox optimization. Emphasis is placed on investigating variations in the chemical composition and structural configuration of layered oxide cathodes and how they affect the electrochemical behavior of the cathodes to illustrate how these issues can be addressed. The summary of failure mechanisms and corresponding modification strategies of layered oxide cathodes presented herein provides a valuable reference for scientific and practical issues related to the development of SIBs.

Routes to high-performance layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.

With the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental concerns, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention in recent years as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This is due to...

Unravelling Air/Moisture Stability of Cathode Materials in Sodium Ion Batteries: Characterization, Rational Design, and Perspectives

The practical value of hard carbon anode in sodium ion batteries has garnered significant attention. Asphalt-derived hard carbon offers lower cost and scale advantages compared to expensive resin and bio-based hard carbon materials. However, the synthesis of asphalt-derived hard carbon with significantly enhanced reversible capacity remains challenging. This study focuses on synthesizing P-doped hard carbon material using polyphosphoric acid-modified petroleum asphalt as a precursor and the pre-oxidation method. Doping P elements in hard carbon induces deformation of the molecular layer structure within the pseudo-graphite domains, expanding graphite layer spacing and increasing the number of internal closed micropores, thereby enhancing the sodium storage capacity of the matrix. The reversible capacity of P-doped hard carbon (PHC-1300) increased from 240.3 mA h g−1 to 359.9 mA h g−1 during the initial charge-discharge cycle at a rate of 0.05 C compared to undoped hard carbon (HC-1300). Moreover, phosphate exhibits higher reduction ability than adjacent carbon atoms, generating electron holes that partially compensate for limited electron conduction capability in hard carbon material. The electronic conductivity of the material increases from 26.1114 S cm−1 to 36.6418 S cm−1, demonstrating a significant enhancement compared to high graphitized soft carbon (SC-1300).Therefore, the practical significance of employing this straightforward precursor modification method to prepare P-doped hard carbon warrants attention. 

P-doped hard carbon material for anode of sodium ion battery was prepared by using polyphosphoric acid modified petroleum asphalt as precursor

High-value materialized clean utilization of coal-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with large reversible capacity and rapid kinetics are the direction of green and low-carbon economic development. Herein, anthracite-based expanded graphite (AEG) was prepared via a liquid-phase oxidation intercalation-rapid thermal reduction method by employing homemade anthracite-based graphite (AG) as anode materials for SIBs. The unique morphological structure of AEG provides superior structural stability and sodium storage behavior dominated by capacitive adsorption, which enhanced reaction kinetics during the intercalation/decalcification of Na+. Consequently, the AEG anode for SIBs demonstrated a high initial reversible specific capacity of 326 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and still maintained a specific capacity of 91 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, the as-prepared sample presented excellent cycling stability, maintaining a specific capacity of 152 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a rate of 1 A g−1, with a capacity retention rate of 80 %. This work presents a broad and promising potential for the greening of energy sources and environmental protection. 

Anthracite-based expanded graphite as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with exceptional sodium storage performances

The Research and Industrialization Progress and Prospects of Sodium Ion Battery

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The Research and Industrialization Progress and Prospects of Sodium Ion Battery