Due to its ultrathin feature, graphene has been recently proposed as diffusion barrier layer for Cu wires This paper is geared toward developing an equivalent single-conductor (ESC) transmission-line (TL) model for analysis of Cu-graphene interconnects, ie, Cu wires encapsulated with graphene barriers Based on the ESC TL model, electrical performances of Cu-graphene interconnects are examined and evaluated It is shown that the time delay and temperature rise can be reduced by replacing the conventional diffusion barriers in the Cu/low-k interconnect with the graphene barriers

Analysis of Cu-Graphene Interconnects

Thermal accumulation effects in an LDMOSFET under the impact of a periodic electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are investigated using time-domain finite-element method combined with the preconditioned conjugated gradient technique. The transient thermal response in the LDMOSFET and its peak temperature are captured and compared, with different waveforms of the injected EMP chosen for computation. It is shown that, as the ratio of the pulsewidth and its periodicity increases, thermal accumulation effects on the transient thermal response as well as the peak temperature in LDMOSFETs are observable, which should be treated appropriately in the prediction of its electrothermal breakdown and reliability.

Thermal Accumulation Effects on the Transient Temperature Responses in LDMOSFETs Under the Impact of a Periodic Electromagnetic Pulse

Comprehensive electrothermal analysis of multilevel interconnects under electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress is carried out using the proposed nonlinear time-domain finite-element method (FEM). The technological, structural, and material parameters used in the analysis correspond to the advanced CMOS process of 90-, 65-, 45, and 32-nm nodes assessed by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. In order to enhance the computation efficiency and to reduce the memory cost, the preconditioned conjugated gradient technique combined with the element-by-element approximate factorization method is introduced to handle the sparse matrices formed by FEM. The nonlinear material parameters including the temperature-dependent electrical and thermal conductivities are treated rigorously. The transient temperature distributions, the maximum temperatures, and the temperature rise time of 3- and 4-level interconnect structures under the injection of ESD pulses with various waveforms are obtained and discussed.

Transient Electrothermal Analysis of Multilevel Interconnects in the Presence of ESD Pulses Using the Nonlinear Time-Domain Finite-Element Method

Double exponential function and its modified forms are widely used in high-power electromagnetics such as high-altitude electromagnetic pulse and ultrawide-band pulse study. Physical parameters of the pulse, typically the rise time t
 r
, full width at half maximum t
 w
, and/or fall time t
 f
 , usually need to be transformed into mathematical characteristic parameters of the functions, commonly denoted as α and β. This paper discusses the dependences of pulse shape properties, represented by ratios of t
 w
/ t
 r
 and t
 f
/ t
 r
 , on a dimensionless parameter A = β/α or B = α/β; and focuses on their limit correlations associated with the mathematical forms. It has been proven that pulses with t
 w
/ t
 r
 <; 4.29 cannot be expressed by the commonly used difference of double exponentials function. This limit can be mitigated partially by the latest proposed p-power of double exponentials function with a well-chosen p parameter. A novel form, difference of double Gaussian functions is also proposed to describe pulses with low t
 w
/ t
 r
 ratios better. Quotient of double exponentials, however, is shown to be the most flexible function for describing transient pulses with arbitrary t
 w
/ t
 r
 ratios, despite of its intrinsic drawbacks. All these functions are applied for several examples and further compared in both time and frequency domains.

Shape Properties of Pulses Described by Double Exponential Function and Its Modified Forms

New function for representing electrostatic discharge (ESD) currents according to the IEC 61000-4-2 Standard current is proposed in this paper. Good agreement with the Standard defined parameters is obtained. This function is compared to other functions from literature. Its first derivative needed for field calculations is analyzed in the paper. Main advantages are simplified choice of parameters, possibility to obtain discontinuities in the decaying part, and zero value of the function first derivative at t=0+. Parametrs of the function are obtained by using Least-squares method (LSQM).

/pdf/new-function-for-representing-iec-61000-4-2-standard-h8r3qzav1o.pdf

New function for representing iec 61000-4-2 standard electrostatic discharge current

The transient near-field of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) is strongly affected by the discharge current waveform. After analyzing several typical mathematical descriptions of the ESD current for the contact mode, two new mathematical descriptions of ESD current were constructed according to the polynomial of pulse function. These descriptions have the continuity of the first derivative at t=0 and are time-integrable. They proved to have little relative error compared to the IEC61000-4-2 standard

New mathematical descriptions of ESD current waveform based on the polynomial of pulse function

The position of the transmit antenna is analyzed and evaluated according to the measurement data in our developed reverberation chamber. Nine calibrations are measured carefully. The key parameters such as field uniformity, quality factor, the average normalized electric field, and the receive antenna calibration factor are analyzed in detail. It is indicated that the position of the transmit antenna has insignificant influence on the test repeatability of calibrations

Evaluation of Transmit Antenna Position in Reverberation Chamber

The calibration of the reverberation chamber is very important. The influence of the position of the transmit antenna on the performance of the reverberation chamber is analyzed according to the measurement data. The parameters such as field uniformity, quality factor and the receiver antenna calibration factor are analyzed in detail on the different positions of the transmit antenna. It reveals that the position of the transmit antenna has insignificant influence on the testing repeatability and the orientation of the transmit antenna aligning to the stirrer is a better way for calibration and testing.

The transient near-field of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a kind of high power transient phenomenon, which strongly affects the operation of the electronic devices. In this paper, the transient field of the indirect electrostatic discharge through the vertical coupling plane (VCP) is numerically simulated by using the FDTD method with the PML. The configuration of the current source is considered carefully. The simulation results on different positions show different transient effects. The simulated data are compared with those measured by an optic testing system.

Simulation and measurement of the transient field of indirect electrostatic discharge

Reverberation chambers are used widely for EMC testing in industry. The design of the mechanical stirrer should be considered artistically. This paper introduces a split stirrer design, the simulation result shows the good performance of this stirrer and a prototype chamber is built according to the simulation. The critical parameters of the reverberation chamber are analyzed in detail. Four calibrations are processed to evaluate the testing repeatability and validate the performance of the split stirrer.

Evaluation of the Split Stirrer in Reverberation Chamber

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Papers

New mathematical descriptions of ESD current waveform based on the polynomial of pulse function

Evaluation of Transmit Antenna Position in Reverberation Chamber

Evaluation of Transmit Antenna Position in Reverberation Chamber

Simulation and measurement of the transient field of indirect electrostatic discharge

Evaluation of the Split Stirrer in Reverberation Chamber