Gene manipulation in plant improvement , Gene manipulation in plant improvement , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Gene manipulation in plant improvement

In earlier works, the author reviewed and emphasized the importance of the in vitro induction of haploids (Reinert and Bajaj 1977; Bajaj 1983 a). During the last decade tremendous progress has been made in this area. The frequency of androgenesis has been increased, work extended successfully to a number of agricultural crops, and new cultivars have been released. This warrants the need to put this information and literature together.

In Vitro Production of Haploids and Their Use in Cell Genetics and Plant Breeding

The response of anther culture to culture temperature was studied in detail using many varieties, F1 hybrids and pollen-derived lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as materials. The suitable culture temperature for inducing pollen callus (or embryoids) in wheat anther culture ranged from 26 °C to 30 °C, varying with genotypes. But for the great majority of wheat genotypes the suitable culture temperatures lay between 28 °C and 30°C. The most significant genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature was observed in the comparison between the culture at 33 °C for eight days followed by culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C) and the continuous culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C). This genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature is a heritable character which may be controlled by multiple genes. The effect of culture at 30 °C for eight days followed by culture at 26 °C was similar to, or in some cases, better than that of continuous culture at 28 °C, and the effect of culture at 32 °C for eight days followed by culture at 28 °C was similar to that of continuous culture at 30 °C. In the range from 26 °C to 32 °C, the overwhelming majority of pollen calli emerged before the 40th day after anther inoculation, and the higher the culture temperature, the earlier and more concentrated the emerging period of the pollen callus. The pollen callus obtained at high temperatures above 28 °C should be transferred in time onto the regeneration medium at 25°–27°C to induce shoots.

The response of anther culture to culture temperature in Triticum aestivum.

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Crop Improvement Under Adverse Conditions

Since the successful induction of haploids from anthers cultured in vitro in 1964, a great deal of attention has been given to this problem by those interested in obtaining pure lines and mutants for crop improvement and biochemical genetics. In the last 16 years the anther culture technique has been refined and extended to over one hundred and fifty different species. More recently, isolated pollen culture - which is a refinement of the original anther culture technique - has also been developed. In this review we have made an effort to critically examine existing reports with the objective of analysing the effects of various factors - e.g. culture medium, the cultural conditions, and the effect of genotype and physiological state of the parent plant on pollen induction - and to speculate on the mechanism of action of different factors in order to throw some light on the process of haploid induction.

Induction of haploidy from pollen grains in angiosperms — the current status

Anthers of Triticum aestivum L. were cultured in vitro on the MS medium supplemented with auxins, with or without kinetin. Then the pollen grains were successfully, induced to develop into intact plants through a stage of callus formation. Experiments indicated that pollen grains at the mid-uninucleate stage were most favourable for induction to form calli, and that addition of lactalbumin hydrolysate and appropriate increase of the sucrose coneentration had some promoting effects on pollen callus formation. The pollen callus with relatively great differentiating capacity was generally compact in texture and possessed the histological characteristics of the primary meristem. It was noted that the results obtained with different materials (different varieties or hybrids of different crosses) varied considerably. The progeny of the plant induced from F 1, hybrid pollen showed no segregation of characters, suggesting that application of the anther culture method to plant breeding is very promising.

Induction of pollen plants from anthers of triticum aestivum l. cultured in vitro

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Induction of pollen plants from anthers of triticum aestivum l. cultured in vitro