Helical inverse cascade in three-dimensional turbulence as a fundamental dominant mechanism in mesoscale atmospheric phenomena

The quasigeostrophic theory is used to address the role of diabatic forcing in synoptic scale processes over Iberia. A parametrization of diabatic heating is obtained in terms of a thermodynamic variable called the ice-liquid water potential temperature which is conservative under all phase changes of water. A case study objectively selected by means of a rotated principal component analysis over the diabatic field is analyzed to test the proposed parametrization. This study highlights the fact that the magnitudes of diabatic forcing and dynamic forcing are very nearly the same throughout the troposphere. The results also show that the composite diabatic heating is a better representation for both cloudiness and precipitation fields than the dynamic forcing.

/pdf/evidence-for-the-role-of-the-diabatic-heating-in-synoptic-14m3c08n97.pdf

Evidence for the role of the diabatic heating in synoptic scale processes: a case study example

A scale analysis appropriate for mid-latitude explosive cyclones is presented, including the effects of cumulus clouds. First-order equations are derived for the thermodynamic and vorticity fields. It is shown that the quasi-geostrophic form of the divergence equation is a good approximation, while the geostrophic wind approximation is no longer valid in the presence of intense convection. It is also found that diabatic heating by clouds is responsible for the enhancement of the large-scale vertical motion which induces a divergent wind on the same order as the rotational part. Therefore, cumulus convection affects the large-scale flow through an induced secondary circulation, which manifests its effect in the thermodynamic and vorticity equations as the advection by the divergent wind component. In addition, cumulus clouds also affect the large-scale vorticity by imparting excess cloud vorticity to the environment. Interactions between cloud and large scales are also discussed in terms of the omega and potential vorticity equations. It is shown that the dominant forcing terms, i.e. diabatic heating and vortex stretching due to cumulus clouds, tend to balance in the large-scale potential vorticity equation, and that the influence of cumulus convection appears through the smaller forcings due to cloud life-cycles and two non-geostrophic effects. A three-level model is employed to investigate the effects of cumulus convection on baroclinic instability, with Ekman-CISK as the closure condition. It is found that the various forcing mechanisms produce quite different effects on the evolution and structure of the baroclinically unstable waves. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00420.x

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00420.x

On the dynamics of mid-latitude synoptic systems with intense cumulus convection

The dynamic effects of a cumulus ensemble on a quasi-geostrophic weather system in the midlatitude region are examined, in addition to the heating due to release of latent heat. It has been found that the effects of the eddy vertical advection of momentum, and the eddy dynamic pressure due to the eddy kinetic energy associated with cumulus clouds are rather small. The only important dynamic effect comes from the ability of clouds to produce a horizontal eddy flux of vertical vorticity. In the momentum equation, this effect appears in the form of an eddy Coriolis force, which may be obtained from the horizontal eddy vorticity flux by rotating it by 90° clockwise. In the vorticity equation, it appears in the form of generation of positive vorticity by convective elements in the lower levels, and generation of negative vorticity in the upper levels. Using Ekman-layer pumping theory as the closure condition, the effects of cumulus convection on baroclinic instability are investigated. It has been found that the growth rate of a baroclinically unstable wave is increased appreciably by the cloud scale processes. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01793.x

Dynamics of quasi-geostrophic systems with cumulus convection

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Dynamics of quasi-geostrophic systems with cumulus convection