“Smart Weight Based Toll Collection & Vehicle Detection During Collision using RFID” addresses the problems faced at the toll plaza. The system also identifies the vehicles against which stolen and accident cases are registered using RFID. Initially user has to create an account and register his RFID number at central database using the mobile application. When a vehicle with RFID tag passes through Toll Collection Unit (TCU) it is classified as a passenger carrying vehicle or goods carrying vehicle based on its RFID Number. If a vehicle is detected as goods carrying vehicle it is weighed and if it is overloaded then charged with extra toll. RFID Number is then passed to Central Server Unit (CSU) where a balance is deducted from user account after which CSU indicate TCU to open barricade and allow the vehicle to pass. If the vehicle is identified as stolen vehicle by CSU, it will indicate TCU not to open the barricade. In order to identify the culprit in hit and run case collision detection mechanism is implemented using vibration sensor.

Smart weight based toll collection & vehicle detection during collision using RFID

—“Automatic Toll Collection, Vehicle Identification During Collision & Theft Detection using RFID” addresses the problems faced at the toll plaza and culprit identification during collision. The system also identifies the vehicles against which stolen cases are registered using RFID. The mobile application is used to create an account and register his RFID number at central database. When a vehicle with RFID tag arrives at toll plaza the Toll Collection Unit (TCU) classifies the vehicle as a passenger carrying vehicle or goods carrying vehicle based on its RFID Number. The goods carrying vehicle is weighed and if it is overloaded then charged with extra toll. The amount to be charged is then decided based on whether the vehicle is passenger carrying vehicle or goods carrying vehicle. RFID Number and amount to be charged is then passed to Central Server Unit (CSU) where a balance is deducted from user account after which CSU indicate TCU to allow the vehicle to pass. If the vehicle is identified as stolen vehicle by CSU based on RFID Number of vehicle, CSU will indicate TCU not to allow the vehicle to pass. In order to identify the culprit in hit and run case collision detection mechanism is implemented using vibration sensor. Theft Detection Mechanism is implemented to protect the vehicle from thief.

/pdf/an-automatic-toll-collection-vehicle-identification-during-vf4ovtr6kl.pdf

An Automatic Toll Collection, Vehicle Identification During Collision & Theft Detection using RFID

The requirement of the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems to significantly elevate the services of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) necessitates the design and investigation of appropriate multiple access schemes. This paper investigates the impact of random source deployment on the performance of uplink systems, emphasizing the implications of non-orthogonality in contention-free and contention-based access schemes. For the latter scheme, we combine the strengths of slotted ALOHA and successive interference cancellation. Considering the advantages of breaking orthogonality in scenarios with random source deployment, we propose distinct policies tailored for mMTC, eMBB, and hybrid mMTC-eMBB scenarios by splitting the cell into rings. Furthermore, we derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability, which play a pivotal role in extracting the throughput of the sources in the considered scenarios. The paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the proposed approach, corroborated through simulations, shedding light on the potential of such protocols in future 6G wireless communication systems.

Breaking Orthogonality in Uplink With Randomly Deployed Sources

In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless networks, achieving enhanced throughput with low latency for data transmission is crucial for future communication systems. While low complexity OSPF-type solutions have shown effectiveness in lightly-loaded networks, they often falter in the face of increasing congestion. Recent approaches have suggested utilizing backpressure and deep learning techniques for route optimization. However, these approaches face challenges due to their high implementation and computational complexity, surpassing the capabilities of networks with limited hardware devices. A key challenge is developing algorithms that improve throughput and reduce latency while keeping complexity levels compatible with OSPF. In this collaborative research between Ben-Gurion University and Ceragon Networks Ltd., we address this challenge by developing a novel approach, dubbed Regularized Routing Optimization (RRO). The RRO algorithm offers both distributed and centralized implementations with low complexity, making it suitable for integration into 5G and beyond technologies, where no significant changes to the existing protocols are needed. It increases throughput while ensuring latency remains sufficiently low through regularized optimization. We analyze the computational complexity of RRO and prove that it converges with a level of complexity comparable to OSPF. Extensive simulation results across diverse network topologies demonstrate that RRO significantly outperforms existing methods.

pdf/rro-a-regularized-routing-optimization-algorithm-for-z32tgxdhrpkc.pdf

RRO: A Regularized Routing Optimization Algorithm for Enhanced Throughput and Low Latency with Efficient Complexity

/pdf/check-post-and-toll-tax-collection-using-rfid-37wai7bn9k.pdf

Check post and Toll Tax Collection using RFID

The evolution of mobile networks shows that there is a need for improvement in spectrum efficiency. Beyond spectrum efficiency, 5G networks must have massive connectivity and low latency. The role of multiple access techniques is important to provide spectrum efficiency and QoS. The existing orthogonal multiple access techniques do not satisfy the spectrum efficiency requirements for 5G. NOMA is a spectrum-efficient MAC protocol that provides solutions for 5G networks. In this paper, we have compared and analyzed existing multiple access techniques with promising multiple access NOMA for 5G networks. The evaluation shows that we cannot replace OMA with NOMA. A single MAC protocol will not fulfil the requirements of 5G networks. We proposed a hybrid MAC protocol for 5G that adaptively selects the MAC protocol as per channel characteristics. Our proposed software-defined multiple access techniques will adaptively conFigure different multiple access schemes according to the requirements of different applications and services in 5G.

A Case Study:Spectrum Efficient Multiple Access Techniques for 5G Networks

In the Marathi language, this paper seeks to acoustically evaluate acting speech for anger, happiness, fear, and neutral emotions. We recorded ten Marathi sentences by eleven Marathi speakers in four emotion styles: happiness, anger, fear, and neutral to generate an emotional speech database. To detect emotion, we maintained the spoken sentences and speakers the same with variation in emotions. The intensity-related, pitch-related, utterance duration-related, and formants related acoustic characteristics of all the emotional utterances were extracted using the free and open-source PRAAT software. Speech prosody refers to the rhythm and intonation of phrases and sentences. This study aims to see how the acoustic qualities of the Marathi language change in response to happiness, anger, fear, and neutral emotions. We used ANOVA analysis on each of the twelve prosodic features independently to determine whether the mean values of these prosodic features differ significantly across the four emotions. The ANOVA analysis, on the other hand, just establishes that there is a difference between two or more group means, but it does not specify which groups are significantly different. As a result, we employed the Tuckey test for multiple comparisons of means with confidence level of 95% to show that even while the prosodic components of Marathi emotional utterances are significant in ANOVA analysis, there can be pairwise similarity in the prosodic characteristics based on the emotions. The results of ANOVA analysis for formants-related features showed the formant F2 is non-significant and will not be much useful feature for classifying the emotions in the Marathi language.

An Acoustic and Statistic Study of Emotions Expressed in Marathi Speech

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Check post and Toll Tax Collection using RFID

A Case Study:Spectrum Efficient Multiple Access Techniques for 5G Networks

An Acoustic and Statistic Study of Emotions Expressed in Marathi Speech