Major depression is characterized by diverse debilitating symptoms that include hopelessness and anhedonia. Dopamine neurons involved in reward and motivation are among many neural populations that have been hypothesized to be relevant, and certain antidepressant treatments, including medications and brain stimulation therapies, can influence the complex dopamine system. Until now it has not been possible to test this hypothesis directly, even in animal models, as existing therapeutic interventions are unable to specifically target dopamine neurons. Here we investigated directly the causal contributions of defined dopamine neurons to multidimensional depression-like phenotypes induced by chronic mild stress, by integrating behavioural, pharmacological, optogenetic and electrophysiological methods in freely moving rodents. We found that bidirectional control (inhibition or excitation) of specified midbrain dopamine neurons immediately and bidirectionally modulates (induces or relieves) multiple independent depression symptoms caused by chronic stress. By probing the circuit implementation of these effects, we observed that optogenetic recruitment of these dopamine neurons potently alters the neural encoding of depression-related behaviours in the downstream nucleus accumbens of freely moving rodents, suggesting that processes affecting depression symptoms may involve alterations in the neural encoding of action in limbic circuitry.

Dopamine neurons modulate neural encoding and expression of depression-related behaviour

This paper examines the interaction between metacognition and stress response. Specifically, the main purpose of this study is to trace the interaction between metacognition, sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system and the basic stress-related hormones/neurotransmitters.  To achieve this aim, the research seeks to address the following questions: Can metacognition regulate the stress-related hormones and the sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity? How can it contribute to the regulation of uncontrollable stress? What is the role of executive functions? Can metacognition stop the cells and neurons from degeneration and the brain from shrinking?  The evidence support the hypothesis that there is a deep relationship between metacognition, stress-related hormones and autonomic nervous system. Therefore, the above finding paves the way for the design of new stress management strategies, which could implemented in family, in school and in workplace. Uncontrollable stress constitutes the “health epidemic” of our century. Mental and mood disorders, premature ageing, cognitive impairments, learning disabilities are some of the stress-related threats. There is an urgent need to focus on resilience in order to cope with stress and to stay in balance.

/pdf/metacognition-stress-relaxation-balance-related-hormones-2cyb5aaoen.pdf

Metacognition, Stress – Relaxation Balance & Related Hormones

Towards a new model of understanding - The triple network, psychopathology and the structure of the mind.

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive diseases of the nervous system that lead to neuron loss or functional disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases require long-term, sometimes life-long pharmacological treatment, which increases the risk of adverse effects and a negative impact of pharmaceuticals on the patients’ general condition. One of the main problems related to the treatment of this type of condition is the limited ability to deliver drugs to the brain due to their poor solubility, low bioavailability, and the effects of the blood-brain barrier. Given the above, one of the main objectives of contemporary scientific research focuses on the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. As disorders related to the competence of the antioxidative system are a marker in all diseases of this type, the primary prophylactics should entail the use of exogenous antioxidants, particularly ones that can be used over extended periods, regardless of the patient’s age, and that are easily available, e.g., as part of a diet or as diet supplements. The paper analyzes the significance of the oxidoreductive balance in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on information published globally in the last 10 years, an analysis is also provided with regard to the impact of exogenous antioxidants on brain functions with respect to the prevention of this type of diseases.

/pdf/the-role-of-dietary-antioxidants-in-the-pathogenesis-of-55p6725wxe.pdf

The Role of Dietary Antioxidants in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Impact on Cerebral Oxidoreductive Balance.

Dopamine belongs to the class of catecholamine neurotransmitters which have vital roles in the human central nervous system. Due to its importance in signal transmission in the nervous system, the abnormal release of dopamine is critical for the development of a number of neurological diseases/disorders, including Parkinson’s diseases, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and even drug addiction. Hence, there is an utmost need to develop platforms for the quantitative detection of dopamine in the human body in a rapid, sensitive, and label-free manner. A variety of nanomaterials have been explored and integrated into dopamine sensing platforms; in particular, electrochemical sensors can enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity toward dopamine, with promising results. The aim of this review is to summarize recent research on nanomaterial-modified dopamine electrochemical sensor platforms, particularly those that use nanoparticle-, graphene composite-, and transition metal dichalcogenide-modified electrodes. The information presented in this review might motivate the discovery or extension of nanomaterials with beneficial properties for the development of biosensors to detect various neurotransmitters including dopamine.

Nanomaterial-modified Hybrid Platforms for Precise Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

Structural changes in different regions of the brain have become clinically relevant and regarded as the signature phenomenon for neurological diseases. Morphological changes in brain are also associated with neuronal and neurochemical alterations. Studies have showed that minute changes in neurochemical levels may have marked impact on the psychobehaviourof  the subject. Several neurological disease profiles have been reported with such specific psychobehavioural expression. However, application of behavioural abnormalities as possible disease progress markers has not been considered and emphasised much. Reports suggestedthat- the subjects, who have already entered into the terminal stage of the disease, used to show cardinal behavioural signs for a specific disease profile. However, psychologicalexpressions are comparatively early expressive. As most of the neurodegenerative disordersare unidirectional and progressive by nature, therapeutic intervention at the right time isessential for attaining the desired outcome. Moreover, early diagnosis can aid in managingthe disease progression also. Psychobehavioural analysis could meet the expected outcomeof disease diagnosis if implemented properly and timely. In the present review, we have amalgamated the reported behavioural anomalies with the supportive background fromneurochemical basis. Further, we have concluded that behaviour centric studies could b ea p ote ntial diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of major neurological diseases such asAlzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Bipolar disorder,Schizophrenia, Impulse control disorder (ICD) and Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

/pdf/neurochemicals-behaviours-and-psychiatric-perspectives-of-3hvm7m1z50.pdf

Neurochemicals, Behaviours and Psychiatric Perspectives of Neurological Diseases

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Neurochemicals, Behaviours and Psychiatric Perspectives of Neurological Diseases