Corruption in the form of bribery continues to be a major societal challenge around the world. The current lab-in-the-field study tested whether dynamic descriptive norms messages on posters can help to reduce bribery. Before, during and after placing posters throughout a medium-sized South African town, incentivized measures of social norms and bribery were assessed in a mobile lab. A total of 311 participants stemming from the general population took part. In line with the pre-registered predictions, the results reveal that people: (1) perceive bribery to be less common; and (b) engage in bribery in a corruption game less frequently when the posters were displayed. The discussion outlines how social norms nudging campaigns can be leveraged to spur collective action against corruption.

Social norms of corruption in the field: social nudges on posters can help to reduce bribery

The problem of misclassification has always been a major concern in detecting online credit card fraud in e-commerce systems. This concern greatly poses a significant challenge to financial institutions and online merchants with regards to financial loss. This paper specifically compares an Artificial Neural Network trained by the Simulated Annealing technique (SA-ANN) with a proposed emerging online learning technology in anomaly detection known as the Hierarchical Temporal Memory based on the Cortical Learning Algorithms (HTM-CLA). Comparisons are also made with a deep recurrent neural technique based on the Long Short-Term Memory ANN (LSTM-ANN). The performances of these systems are investigated on the basis of correctly classifying credit card fraud (CCF) using an average classification performance ratio metric. The results of simulations on two CCF benchmark datasets (the Australian and German CCF data) showed promising competitive performance of the proposed HTM-CLA with the SA-ANN. The HTM-CLA also clearly outperformed the LSTM-ANN in the considered benchmark datasets by a factor of 2:1.

Comparative analysis of credit card fraud detection in Simulated Annealing trained Artificial Neural Network and Hierarchical Temporal Memory

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/files/192513425/Pre_Published_Peiffer_and_Armytage_2019_world_Development..pdf

Searching for success: A mixed methods approach to identifying and examining positive outliers in development outcomes

The main objective of this study is to analyse consumers’ behavioural intentions to use cardless banking technology in Malaysia. The intentions to use this technology are evaluated through an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. The data were collected from 447 Maybank and Hong Leong Bank customers in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. The results show that self-efficacy (SE) had a positive impact on the perceived ease of use (PEOU), while perceived risk (PR) had a negative impact on perceived usefulness (PU) and intention to use (IU) cardless banking. Next, the perceived ease of use (PEOU) had a positive impact on perceived usefulness (PU). The results further support the idea that perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) had the strongest impacts on intention to use (IU). The practical implications of this study suggest that developers of cardless banking technology should introduce secure, less complicated, and easily accessible technology to improve consumers’ intentions to use. The perceived usefulness of this technology can be improved through promotional strategies and consumer training. Theoretically, this study has successfully extended TAM in the context of cardless banking technology in Malaysia. Moreover, this study will assist bankers in designing effective marketing strategies to attract more customers, which will add significant value to the overall business of the banking industry.

Cardless Banking System in Malaysia: An Extended TAM

This study traces the emergence, highlights the trends, strategies and associated challenges of policing cybercrime in Africa. The researcher also displayed the evolving complexities and escalations of related criminal activities. This qualitative study employed a non-empirical research design: Systematic review methodology to analyse grey literature and primary research studies peer-reviewed and published, restricted from 2002-2021, with non-sequential preference adoption considered. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) were employed to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings of this study based on reviewed conventional and seminal literature studies on this subject. This study revealed that for a long time in Africa, this crime existed and remains uncoded; however, relevant stakeholders paid limited attention in terms of offering strategies to effectively prevent, combat and investigate this crime, while the documented nature, effects and effects were at maximum scale. Moreover, the associated challenges for policing cybercrime in Africa are currently uncontrollable, as this crime is presently rising beyond unacceptable levels in the cited African countries. The opportunistic organised criminal networks are taking advantage of these existing loopholes. This study concludes and recommends that African countries should realise the importance of efficiently responding to this scourge in the affected countries, the envisaged strategies should be geared towards the African landscape, within a larger global context, while strongly introducing the use of technological advances and improvements, among others. This can aid in the correct usage of computers; staging of the database system; proper facilitation of cybercrime trends; and, surveillance, to eradicate increasing incidences of this crime in African countries. The relevant stakeholders should have access to, and share, information, irrespective of African geographical locations.

Exploring Cybercrime: An Emerging Phenomenon and Associated Challenges in Africa

The paper examines why there was a reduction of almost 15% in police bribery in Limpopo province, South Africa between 2011 and 2015, compared to only a 4% reduction the country overall. Drawing on statistical analysis and in-depth qualitative fieldwork, the research shows that the reduction occurred during an unprecedented anticorruption intervention in the province that did not directly tackle police bribery. Despite this, the intervention’s high visibility, along with uncertainty among the police of its mandate, was likely to have made police less willing to engage in bribery during this period. While police sector-specific characteristics (high degree of discretion, peer solidarity and contact with criminals) make fighting entrenched corruption particularly difficult, the research shows how a disruptive event can counteract these factors and how this can happen more quickly than previously anticipated. For long-term impact, however, disruption strategies likely need to be driven by strong leadership and structural changes that will continually disrupt corruption patterns.

/pdf/the-surprising-case-of-police-bribery-reduction-in-south-17pozsacob.pdf

The surprising case of police bribery reduction in South Africa

A credit card is a convenient method of payment, but it does carry risks. The enormous growth in the use of credit cards has resulted in high levels of credit card fraud. Technological advances have allowed the perpetrators to produce counterfeit cards that resemble the genuine card so closely that it is difficult for shopkeepers, tellers, police and bank investigators to identify a fraudulent card. Identity theft and the exponential growth of the internet have further compounded the crime of credit card fraud by allowing for on-line purchasing, resulting in huge financial losses to the card industry and consumers alike. This article discusses credit card fraud in South Africa and offers information about the measures taken to reduce it.

/pdf/lost-stolen-or-skimmed-overcoming-credit-card-fraud-in-south-3qg5qfa9cv.pdf

Lost, stolen or skimmed: Overcoming credit card fraud in South Africa

Corruption causes substantial social and economic harm. The South African government’s attempts to combat corruption have relied on strengthening legislation, introducing statutory investigative bodies, initiating public anti-corruption campaigns, and appealing to the integrity of individuals. Yet corruption remains a big problem in South Africa. However, one approach that has yet to be pursued is intelligence-led policing (ILP). ILP is a model built around proactive risk assessment and risk management. This article explains how ILP can be used to investigate corruption in South Africa.

/pdf/intelligence-led-policing-a-proactive-approach-to-combating-3v46uybdqe.pdf

Intelligence-led policing - a proactive approach to combating corruption

There is little doubt about the widespread incidence of corruption in South Africa. Its effects are manifold and can culminate in state capture, where a government’s decision-making is influenced by a corrupt, politically connected lite, and political and statutory powers misused to maintain a symbiosis of self-enrichment. Corruption undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to human rights violations, distorts markets, and facilitates and finances organised crime and terrorist activities. It is an obstacle to sustainable economic, political and social development, leads to an increase in the cost of doing business, discouraging investment and resulting in a waste of public resources. It can compromise the fabric and integrity of a country’s criminal justice system, as it ultimately weakens law enforcement efforts. Over the past two decades there have been a number of government initiatives aimed at combating corruption. However, none of these seem effective to rid South Africa of the plague of corruption, especially serious corruption at high levels in government. This paper addresses old and existing anti-corruption strategies and proposes new ones which, the authors believe, should serve to consolidate and strengthen existing anti-corruption efforts across all sectors. The authors argue for a renewed holistic anti-corruption approach, jointly driven by government and the private sector, an overhaul of the status quo and the roll-out of a new, effective anti-corruption tapestry.

Corruption in South Africa: The demise of a nation? New and improved strategies to combat corruption

The South African Police Service (SAPS) is finding it increasingly difficult to protect victims from the scourge of commercial crime which threatens the economy, corrodes scarce and valuable resources, and inhibits growth and development. Official statistics from the SAPS show that the annual detection rate in respect of reported fraud cases was 35.77% in 2014/15 and 34.08% in 2015/16. Although the detection rate for serious commercial crime for 2014/15 is reported as 94.8% and 96.75% for 2015/16, it is likely that these figures are inaccurate and in reality are much lower. This article provides an overview of the incidence of commercial crime, assesses the detection rate reported by the SAPS and seeks to determine whether they are losing the fight against these crimes.

/pdf/a-losing-battle-assessing-the-detection-rate-of-commercial-3wvy63wz7x.pdf

A losing battle? Assessing the detection rate of commercial crime

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