Reversible histone acetylation plays an important role in regulation of chromatin structure and function. Here, we report that the human orthologue of Drosophila melanogaster MOF, hMOF, is a histone H4 lysine K16-specific acetyltransferase. hMOF is also required for this modification in mammalian cells. Knockdown of hMOF in HeLa and HepG2 cells causes a dramatic reduction of histone H4K16 acetylation as detected by Western blot analysis and mass spectrometric analysis of endogenous histones. We also provide evidence that, similar to the Drosophila dosage compensation system, hMOF and hMSL3 form a complex in mammalian cells. hMOF and hMSL3 small interfering RNA-treated cells also show dramatic nuclear morphological deformations, depicted by a polylobulated nuclear phenotype. Reduction of hMOF protein levels by RNA interference in HeLa cells also leads to accumulation of cells in the G(2) and M phases of the cell cycle. Treatment with specific inhibitors of the DNA damage response pathway reverts the cell cycle arrest caused by a reduction in hMOF protein levels. Furthermore, hMOF-depleted cells show an increased number of phospho-ATM and gammaH2AX foci and have an impaired repair response to ionizing radiation. Taken together, our data show that hMOF is required for histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation in mammalian cells and suggest that hMOF has a role in DNA damage response during cell cycle progression.

hMOF Histone Acetyltransferase Is Required for Histone H4 Lysine 16 Acetylation in Mammalian Cells

Enamel is a hard nanocomposite bioceramic with significant resilience that protects the mammalian tooth from external physical and chemical damages. The remarkable mechanical properties of enamel are associated with its hierarchical structural organization and its thorough connection with underlying dentin. This dynamic mineralizing system offers scientists a wealth of information that allows the study of basic principels of organic matrix-mediated biomineralization and can potentially be utilized in the fields of material science and engineering for development and design of biomimetic materials. This chapter will provide a brief overview of enamel hierarchical structure and properties and the process and stages of amelogenesis. Particular emphasis is given to current knowledge of extracellular matrix protein and proteinases, and the structural chemistry of the matrix components and their putative functions. The chapter will conclude by discussing the potential of enamel for regrowth.

/pdf/protein-mediated-enamel-mineralization-2kuzue2b9q.pdf

Protein-mediated enamel mineralization.

The evolution of lineage-specific regulatory activities in the human embryonic limb.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1873-3468.13995

Mitochondrial disorders of the OXPHOS system.

https://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/pdf/S0968-0004(15)00103-6.pdf

Mitochondrial cytochrome c biogenesis: no longer an enigma

Characterization and physical mapping in human and mouse of a novel RING finger gene in Xp22.

The amelogenin proteins regulate enamel mineral formation in the developing tooth. The human AMELX gene, which encodes the amelogenin proteins, is located within an intron of the Arhgap 6 gene. ARHGAP 6 encodes a Rho GAP, which regulates activity of Rho A, a small G protein involved in intracellular signal transduction. Mice were generated in which the entire ARHGAP 6 gene was deleted by Cre-mediated recombination, which also removed the nested Amel X gene. Enamel from these mice appeared chalky white, and the molars showed excessive wear. The enamel layer was hypoplastic and non-prismatic, whereas other dental tissues had normal morphology. This phenotype is similar to that reported for Amel X null mice, which have a short deletion that removed the region surrounding the translation initiation site, and resembles some forms of X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta in humans. Analysis of the enamel from the Arhgap 6/Amel X-deleted mice verifies that the Amel X gene is nested within the murine Arhgap 6 gene and shows that removal of the entire Amel X gene leads to a phenotype similar to the earlier Amel X null mouse results, in which no amelogenin protein was detected. However, an unusual layer of aprismatic enamel covers the enamel surface, which may be related to the 1.1-Mb deletion, which included Arhgap 6 in these mice.

Tooth Enamel Defects in Mice with a Deletion at the Arhgap6/AmelX Locus

Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 901, Houston, TX 77030, USA

Analysis of Mid1, Hccs, Arhgap6, and Msl3l1 in X-linked polydactyly (Xpl) and Patchy-fur (Paf) mutant mice

Girls with MLS syndrome have microphthalmia with linear skin defects of face and neck, sclerocornea, corpus callosum agenesis and other brain anomalies. This X-linked dominant, male-lethal condition is associated with heterozygous deletions of a critical region in Xp22.31, from the 5' untranslated region of MID1 at the telomeric boundary to the ARHGAP6 gene at the centromeric boundary. HCCS, encoding human holocytochrome c-type synthetase, is the only gene located entirely inside the critical region. Because single gene analysis is not feasible in MLS patients (all have deletions), we generated a deletion of the equivalent region in the mouse to study the molecular basis of this syndrome. This deletion inactivates mouse Hccs, whose homologs in lower organisms (cytochrome c or c1 heme lyases) are essential for function of cytochrome c or c1 in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Ubiquitous deletions generated in vivo lead to lethality of hemizygous, homozygous and heterozygous embryos early in development. This lethality is rescued by expression of the human HCCS gene from a transgenic BAC, resulting in viable homozygous, heterozygous and hemizygous deleted mice with no apparent phenotype. In the presence of the HCCS transgene, the deletion is easily transmitted to subsequent generations. We did obtain a single heterozygous deleted female that does not express human HCCS, which is analogous to the low prevalence of the heterozygous MLS deletion in humans. Through the study of these genetically engineered mice we demonstrate that loss of HCCS causes the male lethality of MLS syndrome.

/pdf/loss-of-holocytochrome-c-type-synthetase-causes-the-male-2p56i0lur3.pdf

Loss of holocytochrome c-type synthetase causes the male lethality of X-linked dominant microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome.

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Papers

Characterization and physical mapping in human and mouse of a novel RING finger gene in Xp22.

Tooth Enamel Defects in Mice with a Deletion at the Arhgap6/AmelX Locus

Analysis of Mid1, Hccs, Arhgap6, and Msl3l1 in X-linked polydactyly (Xpl) and Patchy-fur (Paf) mutant mice

Loss of holocytochrome c-type synthetase causes the male lethality of X-linked dominant microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome.