Probing liquid/solid interfaces at the molecular level.

Materials with a pre-programmed order at the supramolecular level can be engineered with a sub-nanometer precision making use of reversible non- covalent interactions. The intrinsic ability of supramolecular materials to recognize and exchange their constituents makes them constitutionally dynamic materials. The tailoring of the materials properties relies on the full control over the self-assembly behavior of molecular modules exposing recognition sites and incorporating functional units. In this review we focus on three classes of weak-interactions to form complex 2D architectures starting from properly designed molecular modules: van der Waals, metallo-ligand and hydrogen bonding. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies will provide evidence with a sub-nanometer resolution, on the formation of responsive multicomponent architectures with controlled geometries and properties. Such endeavor enriches the scientist capability of generating more and more complex smart materials featuring controlled functions and unprecedented properties.

Towards supramolecular engineering of functional nanomaterials: pre-programming multi-component 2D self-assembly at solid-liquid interfaces.

We present a variable-temperature study of monolayer self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface By means of in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), reversible phase transitions from a nanoporous low-temperature phase to a more densely packed high-temperature phase are observed The occurrence of the phase transition and the respective transition temperature were found to depend on the type of solvent and solute concentration Estimates of the entropic cost and enthalpic gain upon monolayer self-assembly suggest that coadsorption of solvent molecules within the cavities of the nanoporous structure renders this polymorph thermodynamically stable at low temperatures At elevated temperatures, however, desorption of these relatively weakly bound solvent molecules destabilizes the nanoporous polymorph, and the densely packed polymorph becomes thermodynamically favored Interestingly, the structural phase transition provides external control over the monolayer morphology and, for the system under discussion, results in an effective opening and closing of supramolecular nanopores in a two-dimensional molecular monolayer

Reversible Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Monolayers at the Liquid−Solid Interface: Temperature-Controlled Opening and Closing of Nanopores

Graphene, a one-atom thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is at the core of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Two strategies are being pursued for the graphene production: the bottom-up and the top-down. The former relies on the use of covalent chemistry approaches on properly designed molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction to form 2D covalent networks. The latter occurs via exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Amongst the various types of exfoliations exploited so far, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an attractive strategy, being extremely versatile, up-scalable and applicable to a variety of environments. In this review, we highlight the recent developments that have led to successful non-covalent functionalization of graphene and how the latter can be exploited to promote the process of molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite. The functionalization of graphene with non-covalently interacting molecules, both in dispersions as well as in dry films, represents a promising and modular approach to tune various physical and chemical properties of graphene, eventually conferring to such a 2D system a multifunctional nature.

Supramolecular Approaches to Graphene: From Self-Assembly to Molecule-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation

We report a joint computational and experimental study on the concentration-dependent self-assembly of a flat C3-symmetric molecule at surfaces. As a model system we have chosen a rigid molecular module, 1,3,5-tris(pyridine-4-ylethynyl)benzene, which can undergo self-association via hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) to form ordered 2D nanostructures. In particular, the lattice Monte Carlo method, combined with density functional calculations, was employed to explore the spontaneous supramolecular organization of this tripod-shaped molecule under surface confinement. We analyzed the stability of different weak H-bonded patterns and the influence of the concentration of the starting molecule on the 2D supramolecular packing. We found that ordered, densely packed monolayers and 2D porous networks are obtained at high and low concentrations, respectively. A concentration-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the molecular self-assembly at a graphite–solution interface revealed supramolecular mot...

Concentration-Dependent Supramolecular Engineering of Hydrogen-Bonded Nanostructures at Surfaces: Predicting Self-Assembly in 2D

Coadsorption of two different carboxylic acids, benzenetribenzoic acid and trimesic acid, was studied at the liquid-solid interface in two different solvents (heptanoic and nonanoic acid). Independent alteration of both concentrations in binary solutions resulted in six nondensely packed monolayer phases with different structures and stoichiometries, as revealed by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). All of these structures are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid functional groups. Moreover, phase transitions of the monolayer structures, accompanied by an alteration of the size and shape of cavity voids in the 2D molecular assembly, could be achieved by in situ dilution. The emergence of the various phases could be described by a simple thermodynamic model.

Thermodynamical Equilibrium of Binary Supramolecular Networks at the Liquid-Solid Interface

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Thermodynamical Equilibrium of Binary Supramolecular Networks at the Liquid-Solid Interface