ObjectiveBecause of the pressure for timely, informed decisions in public health
and clinical practice and the explosion of information in the scientific literature,
research results must be synthesized. Meta-analyses are increasingly used
to address this problem, and they often evaluate observational studies. A
workshop was held in Atlanta, Ga, in April 1997, to examine the reporting
of meta-analyses of observational studies and to make recommendations to aid
authors, reviewers, editors, and readers.ParticipantsTwenty-seven participants were selected by a steering committee, based
on expertise in clinical practice, trials, statistics, epidemiology, social
sciences, and biomedical editing. Deliberations of the workshop were open
to other interested scientists. Funding for this activity was provided by
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.EvidenceWe conducted a systematic review of the published literature on the
conduct and reporting of meta-analyses in observational studies using MEDLINE,
Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), PsycLIT, and the Current Index
to Statistics. We also examined reference lists of the 32 studies retrieved
and contacted experts in the field. Participants were assigned to small-group
discussions on the subjects of bias, searching and abstracting, heterogeneity,
study categorization, and statistical methods.Consensus ProcessFrom the material presented at the workshop, the authors developed a
checklist summarizing recommendations for reporting meta-analyses of observational
studies. The checklist and supporting evidence were circulated to all conference
attendees and additional experts. All suggestions for revisions were addressed.ConclusionsThe proposed checklist contains specifications for reporting of meta-analyses
of observational studies in epidemiology, including background, search strategy,
methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Use of the checklist should
improve the usefulness of meta-analyses for authors, reviewers, editors, readers,
and decision makers. An evaluation plan is suggested and research areas are
explored.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/192614/JST00003.pdf

Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology - A proposal for reporting

A fundamental aim in the field of catalysis is the development of new modes of small molecule activation. One approach toward the catalytic activation of organic molecules that has received much attention recently is visible light photoredox catalysis. In a general sense, this approach relies on the ability of metal complexes and organic dyes to engage in single-electron-transfer (SET) processes with organic substrates upon photoexcitation with visible light.

Many of the most commonly employed visible light photocatalysts are polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium and iridium, and are typified by the complex tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II), or Ru(bpy)32+ (Figure 1). These complexes absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum to give stable, long-lived photoexcited states.1,2 The lifetime of the excited species is sufficiently long (1100 ns for Ru(bpy)32+) that it may engage in bimolecular electron-transfer reactions in competition with deactivation pathways.3 Although these species are poor single-electron oxidants and reductants in the ground state, excitation of an electron affords excited states that are very potent single-electron-transfer reagents. Importantly, the conversion of these bench stable, benign catalysts to redox-active species upon irradiation with simple household lightbulbs represents a remarkably chemoselective trigger to induce unique and valuable catalytic processes.






Open in a separate window


Figure 1


Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes: versatile visible light photocatalysts.

/pdf/visible-light-photoredox-catalysis-with-transition-metal-5d1oxrsczo.pdf

Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis

In this article, the 2010 European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs and bDMARDs, respectively) have been updated. The 2013 update has been developed by an international task force, which based its decisions mostly on evidence from three systematic literature reviews (one each on sDMARDs, including glucocorticoids, bDMARDs and safety aspects of DMARD therapy); treatment strategies were also covered by the searches. The evidence presented was discussed and summarised by the experts in the course of a consensus finding and voting process. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations were derived and levels of agreement (strengths of recommendations) were determined. Fourteen recommendations were developed (instead of 15 in 2010). Some of the 2010 recommendations were deleted, and others were amended or split. The recommendations cover general aspects, such as attainment of remission or low disease activity using a treat-to-target approach, and the need for shared decision-making between rheumatologists and patients. The more specific items relate to starting DMARD therapy using a conventional sDMARD (csDMARD) strategy in combination with glucocorticoids, followed by the addition of a bDMARD or another csDMARD strategy (after stratification by presence or absence of adverse risk factors) if the treatment target is not reached within 6 months (or improvement not seen at

/pdf/eular-recommendations-for-the-management-of-rheumatoid-4fujp4paik.pdf

EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update

In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

Organic Photoredox Catalysis

Interleukin 6 (IL-6), promptly and transiently produced in response to infections and tissue injuries, contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase responses, hematopoiesis, and immune reactions. Although its expression is strictly controlled by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, dysregulated continual synthesis of IL-6 plays a pathological effect on chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. For this reason, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody was developed. Various clinical trials have since shown the exceptional efficacy of tocilizumab, which resulted in its approval for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Moreover, tocilizumab is expected to be effective for other intractable immune-mediated diseases. In this context, the mechanism for the continual synthesis of IL-6 needs to be elucidated to facilitate the development of more specific therapeutic approaches and analysis of the pathogenesis of specific diseases.

/pdf/il-6-in-inflammation-immunity-and-disease-4vb9xupl1q.pdf

IL-6 in Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a prototypical cytokine featuring pleiotropic and redundant activity. It is an essential factor to protect host from environmental stress and to maintain homeostasis, whereas its dysregulated, excessive or persistent production plays a pathological role in various inflammatory diseases. Then, IL-6 blockade was expected to become a novel therapeutic strategy and a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab was developed. Indeed, through clinical trials its efficacy and tolerable safety was proved and is now in clinical use for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and Castleman's disease. Moreover, ongoing various clinical studies suggest that it will be widely applicable for the treatment of intractable chronic immune-mediated diseases as well as acute severe inflammatory diseases presenting with "cytokine storm".

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsci/38/6/38_433/_pdf

IL-6 blockade therapy for inflammatory diseases: current perspectives and future directions.

Alkylalkoxypolysiloxanes. IV. Lower Members of Methoxy End-blocked Dimethylpolysiloxanes with One to Six Silicon Atoms

Photoreduction of phenacyl halides by an NADH model compound, 10-methylacridan (AcrH2), in MeCN proceeds via photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of AcrH2 to phenacyl halides without the contribution of radical chain reactions, while the photoreduction by another NADH model compound, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), proceeds via photoinduced radical chain reactions. The origin of the mechanistic difference between AcrH2 and BNAH has been discussed.

Mechanistic difference in photoreduction of phenacyl halides by NADH model compounds.

1) Hexamethoxy-, hexaethoxy- and hexaisopropoxy-disilane were prepared and characterized. 2) Dehydrochlorination at an elevated temperature was not suitable for the preparation. 3) A trace of chlorine compound contaminated in the product could be completely taken off by dry ammonia or pyridine. 4) Alkoxydisilanes could not be prepared by using pyridine throughout the reaction as an acid acceptor. 5) The volume of hydrogen evolved by the fission of alkoxydisilanes varied with the reagents.

A Note on Some Alkoxydisilanes

Synthesis and solution structure of novel mixed-metal complexes of thiocarbamates, [CuAg(SC(O)NR2)2]3 and their adducts with tertiary phosphine, (Ph3P)3CuAg(SC(O)NR2)2 and (MePh2P)4CuAg(SC(O)NR2)2

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