While celebrating the 21st year since the very first IEEE 802.11 “legacy” 2 Mbit/s wireless local area network standard, the latest Wi-Fi newborn is today reaching the finish line, topping the remarkable speed of 10 Gbit/s. IEEE 802.11ax was launched in May 2014 with the goal of enhancing throughput-per-area in high-density scenarios. The first 802.11ax draft versions, namely, D1.0 and D2.0, were released at the end of 2016 and 2017. Focusing on a more mature version D3.0, in this tutorial paper, we help the reader to smoothly enter into the several major 802.11ax breakthroughs, including a brand new orthogonal frequency-division multiple access-based random access approach as well as novel spatial frequency reuse techniques. In addition, this tutorial will highlight selected significant improvements (including physical layer enhancements, multi-user multiple input multiple output extensions, power saving advances, and so on) which make this standard a very significant step forward with respect to its predecessor 802.11ac.

/pdf/a-tutorial-on-ieee-802-11ax-high-efficiency-wlans-53scy74xu9.pdf

A Tutorial on IEEE 802.11ax High Efficiency WLANs

The future connectivity landscape, and notably, the 5G wireless systems will feature Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). The coupling of high reliability and low latency requirements in URLLC use cases makes the wireless access design very challenging, in terms of both the protocol design and of the associated transmission techniques. This paper aims to provide a broad perspective on the fundamental tradeoffs in URLLC, as well as the principles used in building access protocols. Two specific technologies are considered in the context of URLLC: massive MIMO and multi-connectivity, also termed interface diversity . This paper also touches on the importance of the proper statistical methodology for designing and assessing extremely high-reliability levels.

/pdf/wireless-access-in-ultra-reliable-low-latency-communication-14w7ngh1q9.pdf

Wireless Access in Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC)

A vehicle control device includes a detecting unit that detects a towing state of a subject vehicle, a recognizing unit that recognizes surrounding situations of the subject vehicle, a control unit that performs automatic control in which at least one of acceleration-and-deceleration and steering of the subject vehicle is automatically controlled on the basis of the surrounding situations of the subject vehicle recognized by the recognizing unit, and a changing unit that changes, if the detecting unit has detected that the subject vehicle is in a state of towing an object, details of control performed by the control unit in such a manner that it is less likely to perform the automatic control than in the case where the detecting unit has not detected that the subject vehicle is in a state of towing an object

Vehicle control system, vehicle control method, and vehicle control program

Industrial communication systems represent one of the most important innovations of the last decades in the context of factory and process automation systems. They are networks specifically designed to cope with the tight requirements of these challenging application fields such as real time, determinism, and reliability. Moreover, industrial networks are often deployed in environments characterized by strong electromagnetic interference, mechanical stress, critical temperature, and humidity. Over the last three decades, different classes of industrial networks have been developed according to changing requirements and available communication and information technologies. In this paper, we first provide an account of the state of the art, reviewing classical fieldbuses, real-time Ethernet networks, and industrial wireless networks, along with their most relevant features, applications, and performance figures. We introduce the complex standardization framework and analyze the market status and assumptions for future development. In the second part, we address the future perspectives focusing on new technologies, standards, and fields of application. In particular, we consider the time-sensitive networking (TSN) family of standards, Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) systems, high-performance wireless LANs, industrial applications of cellular networks, and Ethernet networks for automotive communication.

Industrial Communication Systems and Their Future Challenges: Next-Generation Ethernet, IIoT, and 5G

Fifth-generation cellular mobile networks are expected to support mission critical URLLC services in addition to enhanced mobile broadband applications. This article first introduces three emerging mission critical applications of URLLC and identifies their requirements on end-to-end latency and reliability. We then investigate the various sources of end-to-end delay of current wireless networks by taking 4G LTE as an example. Then we propose and evaluate several techniques to reduce the end-to-end latency from the perspectives of error control coding, signal processing, and radio resource management. We also briefly discuss other network design approaches with the potential for further latency reduction.

Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Cellular Networks: Use Cases, Challenges and Approaches

5G is currently being standardized and addresses, among other things, new URLLC services. These are characterized by the need to support reliable communication, where successful data transmission can be guaranteed within low latency bounds, like 1 ms, at a low failure rate. This article describes the functionality of both the NR and LTE radio interfaces to provide URLLC services. Achievable latency bounds are evaluated, and the expected spectral efficiency is demonstrated. It is shown that both NR and LTE can fulfill the ITU 5G requirements on URLLC; however, this comes at the cost of reduced spectral efficiency compared to mobile broadband services without latency or reliability constraints. Still, the impact on the overall network performance is expected to be moderate.

5G Radio Network Design for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication

A method in a network node is disclosed. The method comprises sending one or more packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data units (PDUs) to a second network node on an internode interface, each of the one or more PDUs having an associated PDCP sequence number and an associated internode interface specific sequence number, the internode interface specific sequence numbers assigned by the network node. The method further comprises receiving feedback from the second network node.

Pdcp and flow control for split bearer

Methods, nodes, computer programs, computer program products and a mobile network for adapting a mobile network are described. In such a method for adapting a mobile network (800), a terminal (802) is connected to a first access node (804) of the mobile network (800) via a first connection and to a second access node (808) via a second connection. The first access node (804) controls a data transmission for the terminal (802) and the second access node (808) assists in the data transmission for the terminal (802). The method comprises determining (7) whether a quality of at least one of the first connection and the second connection is degraded, acquiring (7) quality degradation information about the degradation of the quality of at least one of the first connection and the second connection based on the step of determining, and adapting (896, 8, 898, 899, 10, 11) the mobile network (800) based on the step of acquiring. Thereby a network adaption can be enabled in an easy, efficient and fast way in a case in which at least one of the first connection and second connection may have been degraded or failed.

Adapting a mobile network

This paper investigates how suitable TV White Space (TVWS) is for use by cellular networks. Unlike in licensed bands, transmit power in TVWS is limited and considerable interference from TV towers exists. This suggests that evaluating TVWS only in terms of available bandwidth can be misleading, since performance of wireless networks in TVWS is likely lower than in the same amount of dedicated spectrum. We quantify TVWS at the example of Germany, using the European methodology developed in CEPT ECC SE 43. In the second step, we determine the performance of a cellular network operating in TVWS using a calibrated multi-cell and multi-user system level simulation tool. This way we also consider interference between TVWS users, which in previous TVWS studies has not been investigated in detail. Not all locally available TV channels are equally useful. We thus compare different channel selection algorithms a TVWS operator could apply to select from the set of available TVWS channels. We found that while the available spectrum for TVWS usage is in theory quite high, its actual utility strongly depends on the channel selection method and the requirements it is based on. Due to the high interference from TV towers, cellular networks based on frequency re-use one (like LTE) have difficulties finding channels that allow good performance at the cell edge. The inner part of a cell can however considerably benefit from TVWS. This indicates that for cellular networks TVWS is primarily suitable for traffic offloading and spotty coverage rather than for building large contiguous coverage networks.

Capacity of cellular networks deployed in TV White Space

Methods, devices, a communication system, computer programs and computer program products for discarding a duplicate protocol data unit associated with a data transmission via a first signaling radio bearer or a second signaling radio bearer are described. A method for discarding a duplicate protocol data unit associated with a data transmission via a first signaling radio bearer or a second signaling radio bearer is performed by a device and comprises receiving (S2) a protocol data unit, verifying (S4) an integrity of the received protocol data unit in an integrity verification procedure, determining (S6) whether the successfully integrity verified protocol data unit is a duplicate protocol data unit, and discarding (S8) the protocol data unit, if the successfully integrity verified protocol data unit is a duplicate protocol data unit.

Discarding a duplicate protocol data unit associated with a data transmission via a first signaling radio bearer or a second signaling radio bearer

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