Students’ beliefs that success in science depends on exceptional talent negatively impact their motivation to learn. For example, such beliefs have been shown to be a major factor steering students away from taking science and math courses in high school and college. In the present study, we tested a novel story-based instruction that models how scientists achieve through failures and struggles. We designed this instruction to challenge this belief, thereby improving science learning in classroom settings. A demographically diverse group of 402 9th and 10th grade students read 1 of 3 types of stories about eminent scientists that described how the scientists (a) struggled intellectually (e.g., made mistakes in investigating scientific problems, and overcame the mistakes through effort), (b) struggled in their personal life (e.g., suffered family poverty and lack of parental support but overcame it), or (c) made great discoveries (a control condition, similar to the instructional material that appears in many science textbooks, that did not describe any struggles). Results showed that participation in either of the struggle story conditions improved science learning postintervention, relative to that of students in the control condition. Additionally, the effect of our intervention was more pronounced for low-performing students. Moreover, far more students in either of the struggle story conditions felt connected to the stories and scientists than did students in the control condition. The use of struggle stories provides a promising and implementable instructional approach that can improve student motivation and academic performance in science and perhaps other subjects as well. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

/pdf/even-einstein-struggled-effects-of-learning-about-great-qkutsw9pwm.pdf

Even Einstein Struggled: Effects of Learning About Great Scientists’ Struggles on High School Students’ Motivation to Learn Science

Background: The impact of unemployment and precarious employment on the health of young people is not well understood. However, according to social causation, higher socio-economic positions and th...

How unemployment and precarious employment affect the health of young people: A scoping study on social determinants:

Les « apres-carrieres » sportives ont peu ete traitees sous un angle sociologique, notamment dans une perspective longitudinale mettant en lumiere ce que l’« apres » carriere doit a l’ « avant ». Cette recherche vise a combler cette lacune a partir de l’exemple des hockeyeurs suisses en observant trois generations de joueurs ayant evolue au sein de la Ligue Nationale (LN) : ceux nes entre 1963-72, 1973-82 et 1983-92. L’enquete s’appuie sur 36 entretiens et 605 questionnaires biographiques, et developpe une approche comprehensive situant le sportif dans la pluralite de ses contextes : sportif bien sur, mais aussi familial, conjugal, amical et scolaire.
Les resultats montrent que la position atteinte au sein de la LN constitue une premiere cle de lecture pertinente des transitions professionnelles, tant au niveau des postes occupes que du rapport developpe a leur endroit : une carriere durable et reconnue permettant generalement d’acceder a des postes valorises et d’operer une prise de distance plus aisee avec le « milieu ». Le type de transition n’est toutefois jamais independant des autres dimensions et ressources de l’individu. Le travail invite a ne pas considerer que les proprietes sportives ou biologiques sont autosuffisantes pour expliquer les carrieres et les « apres-carrieres » alors qu’elles doivent beaucoup au role determinant de l’economie symbolique du hockey sur les experiences des individus. Les transitions professionnelles des hockeyeurs sont en outre soumises a l’influence du processus de professionnalisation de la pratique, se traduisant par une prise de distance plus aisee avec les organisations et le « milieu » au fil des generations, mais aussi par davantage de difficultes a s’inserer grâce aux reseaux du hockey du fait d’un ancrage local plus faible.

Carrières et après-carrières des hockeyeurs suisses dans un contexte de professionnalisation de la pratique

The purpose of the present study was to compare the health behaviors, general health, and mental health of South Korean employees according to their employment status, and to examine how these associations vary across genders using the latest Korean National Examination Health and Nutrition Survey data. Logistic regression analyses were performed using employment status—permanent job, temporary job, and unemployed—as predictor variables and health-related variables as the outcome variables. Results indicated that temporary workers and the unemployed have higher odds of poor mental health regardless of gender. On the other hand, only male permanent workers were found to have a higher risk of problematic drinking compared to precarious workers and the unemployed. Meanwhile, only women showed a higher risk of current smoking in the temporary job and unemployed groups compared with permanent employees. Regarding general health, women, not men, in the temporary job group reported poorer general health (i.e., low health-related quality of life and higher self-perceived poor health) than those in other groups. These findings suggest that the development and implementation of intervention services, as well as organizational actions, need to consider differential impacts of unfavorable employment status on health issues according to gender.

/pdf/associations-among-employment-status-health-behaviors-and-2bwd77qf66.pdf

Associations among Employment Status, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of South Koreans.

A number of personal and familial stressors are supposedly stressful. However, their individual impacts on the person’s sense of belonging remain largely uncharted. The study thereby examines the impacts of the stressors in general and in relation to personal and familial background characteristics. Such examination adheres to the perspective of resource theory, which envisions that resources are salutary and relieving the stress of stressors by compensating for resource loss. A survey of 1,200 residents in Taiwan provided data for the examination. Results revealed that work-to-family conflict and family disbanding were two stressors weakening sense of belonging. Furthermore, the former stressor was more stressful to people of higher social class, whereas the latter stressor was more stressful to people with higher family income but lower education. The results imply certain ways to employ resources properly to tackle the stress of stressors.

Differential Impacts of Stressors on Sense of Belonging

The aim of this paper is to analyse the labour market integration of previously unemployed youth in a life course perspective. The research questions will be investigated by using a unique combination of survey and register data from the Work, Lifestyle and Health survey. This survey is a longitudinal panel survey following a sample of nearly 2000 individuals, representative for the Norwegian cohorts born 1965-1968. The survey was introduced in 1985 with follow ups in 1987, 1989, 1993 and again in 2003. The time window thus allowed by the survey spans from 1985-2003 giving us the possibility to view individual life trajectories from the age of 17-20 to 35-39. The official records will allow us to track individual careers of social assistance recipiency in detail, as well as the use of other social security benefits like unemployment benefits, benefits for the sick and disabled, and transitional benefits in regard to frequency, duration and the amount of benefits received. In addition we will have access to individual paths of educational and employment careers (as well as prior criminal conviction). When connected to data from the panel survey this will be a unique source of information for the understanding of different transitions in youth and young adulthood, the transition from school to work or unemployment, and the transitions from unemployment to employment. The aim of the paper is to study determinants of the labour market career of young people in such a life course perspective.

Labour market integration of unemployed youth from a life course perspective

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Labour market integration of unemployed youth from a life course perspective