Structures, properties and application of 2D monoelemental materials (Xenes) as graphene analogues under defect engineering

Hydrogen, with zero-carbon footprint, high energy density, and earth abundance, is proved as a great energy carrier for a sustainable energy scheme, which is recognized as one key solution to mitigate climate change and reduce air pollution. To achieve this goal, reducing the cost of renewable hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting is a requisite for supporting a reliable and affordable hydrogen economy. Thus, the development of cost-effective catalysts for water electrolysis is of great significance. In this review, the recent advances in low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting are summarized, including transition metal–based catalysts and metal-free catalysts. The emphasis is put on the catalyst design strategies and the underlying structure–performance mechanisms. The challenges and perspectives in this booming field are also presented.

Cost-effective catalysts for renewable hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting: Recent advances

Xenes as an Emerging 2D Monoelemental Family: Fundamental Electrochemistry and Energy Applications

Recent Progress in the Design of Advanced MXene/Metal Oxides-Hybrid Materials for Energy Storage Devices

Semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) have received huge attention for energy conversion and storage due to their unique characteristics, such as quantum size effect, multiple exciton generation effect, large surface‐to‐volume ratio, high density of active sites, and so on. However, the holistic and systematic understanding of the energy conversion and storage mechanism centering on QDs in specific application is still lacking. Herein, a comprehensive introduction of these extraordinary 0D materials, e.g., metal oxide, metal dichalcogenide, metal halides, multinary oxides, and nonmetal QDs, is presented. It starts with the synthetic strategies and unique properties of QDs. Highlights are focused on the rational design and development of advanced QDs‐based materials for the various applications in energy‐related fields, including photocatalytic H2 production, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic N2 reduction, electrocatalytic H2 evolution, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, electrocatalytic N2 fixation, electrocatalytic O2 evolution, electrocatalytic O2 reduction, solar cells, metal‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, metal–air batteries, and supercapacitors. At last, challenges and perspectives of semiconducting QDs for energy conversion and storage are detailedly proposed.

Semiconducting Quantum Dots for Energy Conversion and Storage

Highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution over edge-modified phosphorene quantum dot/prussian blue skeleton structure

MXene, the 2D layered material, is intensively investigated for application in the energy storage field due to its multiple advantages of the high electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity and the plastic layer structure. Herein, a composite (M(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2) of Ti3C2 MXene matrices embedded with ultrafine M(II)(OH)n (M = Fe/Co/Ni) particles is in-situ prepared. M(II)(OH)n particles are tightly grown on the surface and between the interlayers of Ti3C2 MXene by strong Ti–O–Co covalent bonds. Co(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2 exhibits the remarkable performance in hybrid magnesium–lithium batteries (HMLBs) due to the redox capacitive contribution and “pillar effect” of Co(II)(OH)n particles between the interlayers of Ti3C2 MXene. It exhibits a promising reversible capacity and excellent cycling stability. Its reversible capacity maintains 81.1 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 100 mA g−1, and the coulombic efficiency is nearly 100%. Therefore, it is an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of HMLBs by increasing redox capacitance of MXene cathodes. The Co(II)(OH)n nanoparticles decorated Ti3C2 nanocomposite (M(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2) was successfully synthesized by three processing steps. The Co(II)(OH)n@Ti3C2 nanocomposite exhibits the superior performance in HMLBs due to the synergistic effect of the Co(II)(OH)n nanoparticles and the Ti3C2 matrix.

2D Ti3C2 MXene embedded with Co(II)(OH)n nanoparticles as the cathode material for hybrid magnesium–lithium-ion batteries

Silicon waste from industrial cutting silicon rod process is assessed as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to expand utilization of silicon waste and effectively reduce the cost. However, it is still a big challenge to achieve a large-scale and green-effective manufacture. Hence, it is important to propose a facile, low-cost, and scalable method which prepares porous silicon as an anode by chemical etching of silicon waste using acid and alkaline solution. The silicon etched by HF solution possesses porous structure, which exhibits higher capacity than unetched samples. Comparatively, the silicon etched by NaOH solution has the flaky shape with about 110 nm and shows superior cycling performance and stability (600.7 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 420 mA g−1), which can be ascribed to its abundant porous structure, as well as the amorphous SiOx layer accommodating the volume expansion of embedded Si. The silicon waste modified by scalable etching reveals greatly enhanced electrochemical properties for LIB anodes. It is a promising method of improving the electrochemical properties of porous Si anode materials for commercial LIBs. The two kinds of porous silicon were cleverly fabricated using KL-Si through facile ball-milling and chemical etching. H-Si owns the high initial coulombic efficiency and reversible capacity at lower current density. However, N-Si exhibits the superior cycling stability, which can be attributed to larger specific area and the SiOx layer to buffer enormous volume expansion of Si during discharge/charge process.

Porous silicon from industrial waste engineered for superior stability lithium-ion battery anodes

With the rapid development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry, the amount of PV silicon (Si) produced by cutting is also increased. Therefore, recycling PV Si produced by PV cutting is critical. Herein, we used PV Si to design a kind of boron-doped porous silicon/carbon (B-Si/C) composites through acid etching and freeze-drying methods. The B-Si/C has a uniform size (25–35 nm), rich pores and good dispersibility. Porous Si doped with B can shorten the ion transmission distance. Simultaneously, the outer carbon layer of B-Si/C can relieve the volume expansion of the Si nanoparticles and prevent the Si nanoparticles from agglomerating during charge–discharge cycles. When applied as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the B-Si/C exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a commendable capacity of 1240 mA h g−1 at 420 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. It is very viable environmentally and economically to produce advanced high-capacity anode materials for LIBs using PV Si. 

Boron-doped porous waste silicon/carbon composite with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

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Highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution over edge-modified phosphorene quantum dot/prussian blue skeleton structure

2D Ti3C2 MXene embedded with Co(II)(OH)n nanoparticles as the cathode material for hybrid magnesium–lithium-ion batteries

Porous silicon from industrial waste engineered for superior stability lithium-ion battery anodes

Boron-doped porous waste silicon/carbon composite with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries