Flexoelectricity in solids: Progress, challenges, and perspectives

We report on nanoscale strain gradients in ferroelectric HoMnO3 epitaxial thin films, resulting in a giant flexoelectric effect. Using grazing-incidence in-plane x-ray diffraction, we measured strain gradients in the films, which were 6 or 7 orders of magnitude larger than typical values reported for bulk oxides. The combination of transmission electron microscopy, electrical measurements, and electrostatic calculations showed that flexoelectricity provides a means of tuning the physical properties of ferroelectric epitaxial thin films, such as domain configurations and hysteresis curves.

/pdf/giant-flexoelectric-effect-in-ferroelectric-epitaxial-thin-24sbqwd74x.pdf

Giant Flexoelectric Effect in Ferroelectric Epitaxial Thin Films

Flexoelectricity refers to the mechanical-electro coupling between strain gradient and electric polarization, and conversely, the electro-mechanical coupling between electric field gradient and mechanical stress. This unique effect shows a promising size effect which is usually large as the material dimension is shrunk down. Moreover, it could break the limitation of centrosymmetry, and has been found in numerous kinds of materials which cover insulators, liquid crystals, biological materials, and semiconductors. In this review, we will give a brief report about the recent discoveries in flexoelectricity, focusing on the flexoelectric materials and their applications. The theoretical developments in this field are also addressed. In the end, the perspective of flexoelectricity and some open questions which still remain unsolved are commented upon.

/pdf/flexoelectric-materials-and-their-related-applications-a-3ufednjnxv.pdf

Flexoelectric materials and their related applications: A focused review

Flexoelectricity in dielectrics suggests promising smart structures for sensors, actuators and transducers. In this review, dielectric materials, structures and the associated flexoelectric charact...

https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2010135X18300025

Flexoelectricity in dielectrics: Materials, structures and characterizations

Mechanical Manipulation of Silicon-based Schottky Diodes via Flexoelectricity

Flexoelectricity represents the linear relationship between the strain/electric gradient field and the induced electric polarization/mechanical stress in dielectric materials. This electro-mechanical behavior is important for prospective applications due to its size effect and other advantages. In this work, a converse flexoelectric effect is generated by the designed permittivity gradient with Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 ceramic powder and the substrate. The equivalent piezoelectric effect of the gradient composite is obviously increased by converse flexoelectricity. This study opens up an avenue for prospective sensing and actuating approaches for both piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric dielectric materials with relative permittivity gradients and uniform geometric structures.

Converse flexoelectricity with relative permittivity gradient

All dielectric materials exhibit flexoelectricity defined as a strain gradient-induced electric polarization. The flexoelectric coefficient measures electric polarization induced by strain gradient in dielectric materials. In this work, an approach to measure the 1123 component of the flexoelectric coefficient of polymeric materials is presented. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis are performed on an un-polarized polyvinylidene fluoride rectangular beam. When deformation occurs in the specimen, a normal strain gradient is generated. The consistency of the elastic deformation determined through calculations and experimental measurements under applied loads was good. The experimental system was set up as follows: a circular sine wave load with bias value was applied to the specimen and the strain gradient-induced electric charge curve was measured. The flexoelectric coefficient μ1123 was obtained and was consistent with our theoretical calculations of the electric polarization induced by the s...

The research of effective flexoelectric coefficient along 1123 direction in polyvinylidene fluoride

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-665X/ab4727/pdf

An actuation method by a biconcave beam structure with converse flexoelectric effect

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/ab5c50/pdf

Flexoelectricity in pyramid compression: decoupling from effective to intrinsic

An electro-mechanical behavior enhancement method: geometric design with flexoelectricity

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