Heavy metal (HMs) contamination is widespread globally due to anthropogenic, technogenic, and geogenic activities. The HMs exposure could lead to multiple toxic effects in plants by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inhibit most cellular processes at various levels of metabolism. ROS being highly unstable could play dual role (1) damaging cellular components and (2) act as an important secondary messenger for inducing plant defense system. Cells are equipped with enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms to counteract this damage. Some are constitutive and others that are activated only when a stress-specific signal is perceived. Enzymatic scavengers of ROS include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and peroxidase, while non-enzymatic antioxidants are glutathione, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and organic acids. The intracellular and extracellular chelation mechanisms of HMs are associated with organic acids such as citric, malic and oxalic acid, etc. The important mechanism of detoxification includes metal complexation with glutathione, amino acids, synthesis of phytochelatins and sequestration into the vacuoles. Excessive stresses induce a cascade, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and synthesis of metal-detoxifying ligands. Metal detoxification through MAPK cascade and synthesis of metal-detoxifying ligands will be of considerable interest in the field of plant biotechnology. Further, the photoprotective roles of pigments of xanthophylls cycle under HMs stress were also discussed.

Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants

Lead (Pb) is one of the most widespread heavy metal contaminants in soils. It is highly toxic to living organism. Pb has no biological function but can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical dysfunctions in plants. Plants have developed a wide range of tolerance mechanisms that are activated in response to lead exposure. Pb affects plants primarily through their root systems. Plant roots rapidly respond either (i) by the synthesis and deposition of callose, creating a barrier that stops lead entering (ii) through the uptake of large amounts of Pb and its sequestration in the vacuole accompanied by changes in root growth and branching pattern or (iii) by its translocation to the aboveground parts of plant in the case of hyperaccumulators plants. Here we review the interactions of roots with the presence of Pb in the rhizosphere and the effect of Pb on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of root development.

/pdf/effect-of-lead-on-root-growth-534ue3qbga.pdf

Effect of lead on root growth

Plant-lead interactions: Transport, toxicity, tolerance, and detoxification mechanisms.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metal in biological systems is an important cause of concern for environmental health and safety. Arsenic is one of the most hazardous metalloid, deserves special attention on account of its toxicity and carcinogenicity in the environment. The present paper reviews the current knowledge about the toxicity, carcinogenicity, and remediation strategies for arsenic removal from the environmental systems. The toxicity of arsenic depends mainly upon its speciation. Exposures of arsenic in drinking water lead to the cancer of skin, lungs, and bladder. The paper gives an insight into the arsenic removal by physicochemical processes, and the feasibility of using biological methods, the use of bacteria, and algae, its potential for sustainable use and environmental compatibility. The ability of the microbes to remove the metalloid via the process of mobilization and sorption of arsenic through the oxidation, reduction, methylation, and co-precipitation has been discussed in this paper. Lastly, the use of in silico approach to study the remediation of arsenic with the aid of systemic strategies, genomics, and molecular docking.

Perspectives on arsenic toxicity, carcinogenicity and its systemic remediation strategies

Influence of heavy metal rich tannery sludge on soil enzymes vis-à-vis growth of Tagetes minuta, an essential oil bearing crop.

The effects of one of the most toxic heavy metals, lead (Pb), applied in two different concentrations and combined with chelate application were investigated on the water macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.) physiology. The influences were observed by the chlorophyll and free amino acid content determination. Also the lead accumulation in macrophyte biomass was investigated to assess the potential efficiency of this plant for rhizofiltration of highly Pb-polluted water. Na EDTA and Na citrate were used as chelates and Pb(NO3)2 as lead supplement. The application of organic chelates simulated conditions of an induced phytoextraction process. Statistical analyses were performed as a one-way ANOVA with a subsequent Tukey HSD test at a level of P < 0.05. Pb contents in both root and leaf tissues gradually increased with increasing Pb concentrations in the nutrient solution. More lead was accumulated in leaves than in roots within all treatments. The total chlorophyll content decreased with increased Pb concentration and with a higher content of chelates. The chelate addition increased the total amino acid content in leaves but decreased the total amino acid content in roots. The addition of lead with chelates decreased the dry biomass weight. However, water macrophyte showed extremely high lead accumulation in biomass in the short term (up to 8 days) and this accumulation potential could be used for relatively fast and effective decrease of high concentration of this risk element in contaminated water or sewage.

Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes L. Response to Lead Toxicity

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Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes L. Response to Lead Toxicity