Artificial Receptors for the Recognition of Phosphorylated Molecules Amanda E. Hargrove, Sonia Nieto, Tianzhi Zhang, Jonathan L. Sessler,* and Eric V. Anslyn* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Henkel Corporation, Rocky Hill, Connecticut 06067 Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Korea

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Artificial receptors for the recognition of phosphorylated molecules

A simple and low cost chemosensor is described. This sensor could simultaneously detect three biologically important metal ions through fluorogenic (Zn2+) and chromogenic (Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) methods in aqueous solution. The sensor could function as a “turn-on” fluorescence receptor only to Zn2+ ions. In addition, the sensor could be successfully applied to the detection of intracellular Zn2+. Meanwhile, the sensor displayed an obvious red color upon selective binding with Fe2+. Therefore, the sensor could serve as a useful tool for the discrimination of Fe2+ from Fe3+ in aqueous media. Moreover, the sensor also showed color changes from yellow to colorless upon selective binding with Zn2+ and Cu2+, respectively. The detection limit of the sensor for Cu2+ (1.5 μM) is far below the guidelines of the World Health Organization (30 μM) as the maximum allowable copper concentration in drinking water, and therefore it is capable of being a practical system for the monitoring of Cu2+ concentrations in aqueous samples. These results provide a new approach for selectively recognizing the most important three trace elements in the human body simultaneously, for Zn2+ by emission spectra and Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ by the naked eye.

A cap-type Schiff base acting as a fluorescence sensor for zinc(II) and a colorimetric sensor for iron(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) in aqueous media

Colorimetric metal ion sensors

Considerable amount of research has been carried out on designing and improving metal-recognition methodologies in environmental and biological media. The development of fluorescent-based techniques has proven to be an important milestone for non-invasive metal detection and quantification in a multichannel environment. Metals as natural components of the Earth's crust are generally present in trace concentrations in environmental samples, wherein humic substances have a complexation affinity toward them. Iron, zinc and copper are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd most abundant elements that are indispensable to the human body in trace amounts as they play crucial roles in many biological processes. However, unregulated amounts either an excess or deficiency may exacerbate deterioration of the vital organs and trigger the progression of complications. In addition to these three essential elements, mercury is widely considered to be one of the most hazardous pollutants and highly dangerous elements due to its recognized accumulative and toxic effects in the environment and in biological media. In the present study, we attempted to summarize all the recently developed fluorescent signaling materials for the detection of Cu2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, Zn2+ and Hg2+. The spectral shifts in the molecules on metal chelation, the mode of complexation and the stoichiometries of the resulting adducts have been discussed in detail. Furthermore, we highlight molecules that have been reported as an intracellular metal detector via bioimaging, which can be useful for the future design and development of cell-viable and membrane-permeable molecular probes.

Optical sensor: a promising strategy for environmental and biomedical monitoring of ionic species

http://www-spring.ch.cam.ac.uk/publications/pdf/2010_T_1678.pdf

Ratiometric fluorescent and colorimetric sensors for Cu2+ based on 4,5-disubstituted-1,8-naphthalimide and sensing cyanide via Cu2+ displacement approach

New ferrocene derivatives bearing two donor-acceptor systems are capable of selectively sensing cations and anions by cooperative binding of the two alpha,alpha'-groups bonded to the ferrocene nucleus, thus permitting the naked-eye selective colorimetric detection of copper[II] cation and acetate, benzoate, or cyanide anions, which are ions of toxicological and biological relevance.

Colorimetric detection of Cu[II] cation and acetate, benzoate, and cyanide anions by cooperative receptor binding in new alpha,alpha '-bis-substituted donor-acceptor ferrocene sensors

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Colorimetric detection of Cu[II] cation and acetate, benzoate, and cyanide anions by cooperative receptor binding in new alpha,alpha '-bis-substituted donor-acceptor ferrocene sensors