Real-world services ranging from cloud solutions to consulting currently dominate economic activity Yet, despite the increasing number of service marketplaces online, service trading on the Web remains highly restricted Services are at best traded within closed silos that offer mainly manual search and comparison capabilities through a Web storefront Thus, it is seldom possible to automate the customisation, bundling, and trading of services, which would foster a more efficient and effective service sector In this paper we present Linked USDL, a comprehensive vocabulary for capturing and sharing rich service descriptions, which aims to support the trading of services over the Web in an open, scalable, and highly automated manner The vocabulary adopts and exploits Linked Data as a means to efficiently support communication over the Web, to promote and simplify its adoption by reusing vocabularies and datasets, and to enable the opportunistic engagement of multiple cross-domain providers

/pdf/linked-usdl-a-vocabulary-for-web-scale-service-trading-107p6ygjio.pdf

Linked USDL: a vocabulary for web-scale service trading

A unified description language for human to automated services

The Internet of Services and the Internet of Things are major building blocks of the Future Internet. The digital enterprise of the future is based not only on mobile, social, and cloud technologies, but also on semantic technologies and the future Internet of Everything. Semantic technologies now enable mass customization for the delivery of goods and services that meet individual customer needs and tastes with near mass production efficiency and reliability. This is creating a competitive advantage in the industrial economy, the service economy, and the emerging data economy, leading to smart products, smart services, and smart data, all adaptable to specific tasks, locations, situations, and contexts of smart spaces. Such technologies allow us to describe, revise, and adapt the characteristics, functions, processes, and usage patterns of customization targets on the basis of machine-understandable content representation that enables automated processing and information sharing between human and software agents. This book explains the principal achievements of the Theseus research program, one of the central programs in the German government's Digital 2015 initiative and its High-Tech Strategy 2020. The methods, toolsets, and standards for semantic technologies developed during this program form a solid basis for the fourth industrial revolution (Industrie 4.0), the hybrid service economy, and the transformation of big data into useful smart data for the emerging data economy. The contributing authors are leading scientists and engineers, representing world-class academic and industrial research teams, and the ideas, technologies, and representative use cases they describe in the book derive from results in multidisciplinary fields, such as the Internet of Services; the Semantic Web, and semantic technologies, knowledge management, and search; user interfaces, multimodal interaction, and visualization; machine learning and data mining; and business process support, manufacturing, automation, medical systems, and integrated service engineering. The book will be of value to both researchers and practitioners in these domains.

Towards the Internet of Services: The THESEUS Research Program

This contribution presents an ontological model of services that describes them as complex temporal entities, constituted by interrelations of states, actions and processes, occurring in a wider service system. Our aim is to establish rigorous ontological foundations for the various basic notions of service science, including service, service system, service process, service system life-cycle, and service value co-creation. A crucial role in our approach is played by the notion of commitment, which allows us to provide a definition of service as generic commitment to guarantee the execution of value co-creation actions.

https://www.paulallen.ca/documents/2014/05/commitment-based-modeling-service-systems.pdf

Commitment-Based Modeling of Service Systems

Networked humans and autonomous systems rely increasingly on service-oriented architectures. Conventional systems often focus on digitally delivered web services or on business services with varying degrees of formalisation. According to service integration principles, the service registry as the pivotal point between providers and consumers determines the types of services which can be found and delivered. With the growing importance of cloud computing topics in research and industry, more generic service models, description languages and registry architectures are proposed to extend the breadth towards truly reusable Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) registration entries. Despite the proposals, there is a shortage of capable and extensible XaaS registries. In this paper, we present such a system and share our experience in using it for service-related experiments.

https://www.rn.inf.tu-dresden.de/uploads/Publikationen/xaasregistry.pdf

A Versatile and Scalable Everything-as-a-Service Registry and Discovery

Despite the ubiquity of services, there is still no consensus on their exact nature and structure. This consensus, however, is necessary to unambiguously describe and trade services physically as well as in an Internet of Service. To make some progress towards a shared conceptualization, we present in this paper a general service model based on the DOLCE foundational ontology. In our understanding, a service is essentially composed of a service process whose core actions (delivered by a service producer to a service consumer) comply with the exposed description of a service provider’s commitment. Each service belongs to a larger service system process which obeys legal and pricing constraints. We illustrate the model’s usefulness and relevance by the means of a continuous example.

/pdf/towards-an-ontological-foundation-of-services-science-the-hxsoxge0lr.pdf

Towards an Ontological Foundation of Services Science: The General Service Model

In order to enable trading services on the Internet and sensible cost comparisons, generic means for capturing price plans have to be established. In this paper, we present a generic pricing model which draws from established literature in business economics. We care for the context-dependency of price plans by contributing a management infrastructure for price determination.

Generic Modeling and Management of Price Plans in the Internet of Services.

The Internet of Services envisions the trading of services where pricing information is an important aspect to enable cost comparisons. So far, there is a lack of a comprehensive pricing model that can be reused in different settings. XML-based electronic product catalogs are not comprehensive enough and established enterprise applications or billing engines bury their pricing model in the source code. Therefore, we present a directly applicable pricing model in the form of an ontology. We also contribute a runtime environment that determines the price on the basis of a context-aware declarative service description.

Towards a reusable and executable pricing model in the internet of services

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Towards an Ontological Foundation of Services Science: The General Service Model

Generic Modeling and Management of Price Plans in the Internet of Services.

Towards a reusable and executable pricing model in the internet of services