There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The study of multi-agent systems (MAS) focuses on systems in which many intelligent agents interact with each other. These agents are considered to be autonomous entities such as software programs or robots. Their interactions can either be cooperative (for example as in an ant colony) or selfish (as in a free market economy). This book assumes only basic knowledge of algorithms and discrete maths, both of which are taught as standard in the first or second year of computer science degree programmes. A basic knowledge of artificial intelligence would useful to help understand some of the issues, but is not essential. The books main aims are: To introduce the student to the concept of agents and multi-agent systems, and the main applications for which they are appropriate To introduce the main issues surrounding the design of intelligent agents To introduce the main issues surrounding the design of a multi-agent society To introduce a number of typical applications for agent technology

An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems.

The Study of Instinct

A survey on engineering approaches for self-adaptive systems

Emergence: From Chaos to Order by John H. Holland .

A clear terminology is essential in every research discipline. In the context of ESOA, a lot of confusion exists about the meaning of the terms emergence and self-organisation. One of the sources of the confusion comes from the fact that a combination of both phenomena often occurs in dynamical systems. In this paper a historic overview of the use of each concept as well as a working definition, that is compatible with the historic and current meaning of the concepts, is given. Each definition is explained by supporting it with important characteristics found in the literature. We show that emergence and self-organisation each emphasise different properties of a system. Both phenomena can exist in isolation. The paper also outlines some examples of such systems and considers the combination of emergence and self-organisation as a promising approach in complex multi-agent systems.

/pdf/emergence-versus-self-organisation-different-concepts-but-3qv2dwk4au.pdf

Emergence versus self-organisation: different concepts but promising when combined

There is little or no guidance to systematically design a self-organising emergent solution that achieves the desired macroscopic behaviour. This paper describes decentralised coordination mechanisms such as gradient fields as design patterns, similar to patterns used in mainstream software engineering. As a consequence, a structured consolidation of best practice in using each coordination mechanism becomes available to guide engineers in applying them, and to directly decide which mechanisms are promising to solve a certain problem. As such, self-organising emergent solutions can be engineered more systematically, which is illustrated in a packet delivery service application.

Design patterns for decentralised coordination in self-organising emergent systems

When designing self-organising emergent multi-agent systems (MASs), a fundamental engineering issue is to achieve a macroscopic behaviour that meets the requirements and emerges only from the behaviour of locally interacting agents. Agent-oriented methodologies today are mainly focussed on engineering the microscopic issues, i.e. the agents, their rules, how they interact, etc, without explicit support for engineering the required macroscopic behaviour. As a consequence, the macroscopic behaviour is achieved in an ad-hoc manner. This paper proposes a way to define a full life-cycle methodology based on an industry-ready software engineering process, i.e. the Unified Process, which is customised to explicitly focus on engineering macroscopic behaviour of self-organising emergent MASs. As such, the MAS paradigm is integrated into an existing and widely accepted methodology and we can systematically develop a solution that exhibits the required macroscopic behaviour.

Towards a Methodology for Engineering Self-Organising Emergent Systems

A Taxonomy for Self-Properties in Decentralised Autonomic Computing

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Emergence versus self-organisation: different concepts but promising when combined

Design patterns for decentralised coordination in self-organising emergent systems

Towards a Methodology for Engineering Self-Organising Emergent Systems

Design patterns for decentralised coordination in self-organising emergent systems

A Taxonomy for Self-Properties in Decentralised Autonomic Computing