The cause of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. Patients with HD have an expanded NH2-terminal polyglutamine region in huntingtin. An NH2-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin was localized to neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) and dystrophic neurites (DNs) in the HD cortex and striatum, which are affected in HD, and polyglutamine length influenced the extent of huntingtin accumulation in these structures. Ubiquitin was also found in NIIs and DNs, which suggests that abnormal huntingtin is targeted for proteolysis but is resistant to removal. The aggregation of mutant huntingtin may be part of the pathogenic mechanism in HD.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/277/5334/1990.full.pdf

Aggregation of Huntingtin in Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusions and Dystrophic Neurites in Brain

https://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/0896-6273(90)90106-P.pdf

The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous system.

Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins

Transcription is a molecular requisite for long-term synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Thus, in the last several years, one main interest of molecular neuroscience has been the identification of families of transcription factors that are involved in both of these processes. Transcription is a highly regulated process that involves the combined interaction and function of chromatin and many other proteins, some of which are essential for the basal process of transcription, while others control the selective activation or repression of specific genes. These regulated interactions ultimately allow a sophisticated response to multiple environmental conditions, as well as control of spatial and temporal differences in gene expression. Evidence based on correlative changes in expression, genetic mutations, and targeted molecular inhibition of gene expression have shed light on the function of transcription in both synaptic plasticity and memory formation. This review provides a brief overview ...

/pdf/transcription-factors-in-long-term-memory-and-synaptic-4mi8iwqc3p.pdf

Transcription Factors in Long-Term Memory and Synaptic Plasticity

Amphetamine and cocaine are stimulant drugs that act on central monoaminergic neurons to produce both acute psychomotor activation and long-lasting behavioral effects including addiction and psychosis. Here we report that single doses of these drugs induce rapid expression of the nuclear proto-oncogene c-fos in the forebrain and particularly in the striatum, an extrapyramidal structure implicated in addiction and in long-term drug-induced changes in motor function. The two drugs induce strikingly different patterns of c-fos expression in the striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum, and their effects are pharmacologically distinct, although both are sensitive to dopamine receptor blockade. We propose that differential activation of immediate-early genes by psychostimulants may be an early step in drug-specific molecular cascades contributing to acute and long-lasting psychostimulant-induced changes in behavior.

/pdf/amphetamine-and-cocaine-induce-drug-specific-activation-of-2mvqxuycrw.pdf

Amphetamine and cocaine induce drug-specific activation of the c-fos gene in striosome-matrix compartments and limbic subdivisions of the striatum

Quantitative tissue stiffness characterization can aid in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa). Shear wave absolute vibro-elastography (SWAVE) provides volumetric, multi-frequency shear wave imaging with external excitation. In this work, we present a first-of-a-kind 3D multi-frequency endo-rectal SWAVE system with probe-mounted exciter for prostate imaging. The system uses a SonixTouch Ultrasound (US) with minimum hardware addition- making it compatible with the current clinical workflow. The exciter is designed to be sterilizable and it attaches to the US transducer and is programmed with a function generator. Sector-wise sequencing is utilized to boost the effective framerate of the US and satisfy the Nyquist sampling rate for tissue motion tracking. We characterize the system with quality assurance elastography phantoms and human liver data of healthy subjects- comparing with 3D Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE). High correlations between SWAVE and MRE were obtained in both phantoms (99%) and liver (94%).

3D Shear Wave Absolute Vibro-Elastography System for Targeted Prostate Biopsy: Initial Results

Dynamic alterations occur in the levels and composition of transcription factor AP-1 complexes after seizure

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3D Shear Wave Absolute Vibro-Elastography System for Targeted Prostate Biopsy: Initial Results

Dynamic alterations occur in the levels and composition of transcription factor AP-1 complexes after seizure