Wireless power transfer (WPT) using magnetic resonance is the technology which could set human free from the annoying wires. In fact, the WPT adopts the same basic theory which has already been developed for at least 30 years with the term inductive power transfer. WPT technology is developing rapidly in recent years. At kilowatts power level, the transfer distance increases from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters with a grid to load efficiency above 90%. The advances make the WPT very attractive to the electric vehicle (EV) charging applications in both stationary and dynamic charging scenarios. This paper reviewed the technologies in the WPT area applicable to EV wireless charging. By introducing WPT in EVs, the obstacles of charging time, range, and cost can be easily mitigated. Battery technology is no longer relevant in the mass market penetration of EVs. It is hoped that researchers could be encouraged by the state-of-the-art achievements, and push forward the further development of WPT as well as the expansion of EV.

Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications

Starting from Tesla's principles of wireless power transfer a century ago, this critical review outlines recent magneto-inductive research activities on wireless power transfer with the transmission distance greater than the transmitter coil dimension. It summarizes the operating principles of a range of wireless power research into 1) the maximum power transfer and 2) the maximum energy efficiency principles. The differences and the implications of these two approaches are explained in terms of their energy efficiency and transmission distance capabilities. The differences between the system energy efficiency and the transmission efficiency are also highlighted. The review covers the two-coil systems, the four-coil systems, the systems with relay resonators and the wireless domino-resonator systems. Related issues including human exposure issues and reduction of winding resistance are also addressed. The review suggests that the use of the maximum energy efficiency principle in the two-coil systems is suitable for short-range rather than mid-range applications, the use of the maximum power transfer principle in the four-coil systems is good for maximizing the transmission distance, but is under a restricted system energy efficiency (<;50%); the use of the maximum energy efficiency principle in relay or domino systems may offer a good compromise for good system energy efficiency and transmission distance on the condition that relay resonators can be placed between the power source and the load.

A Critical Review of Recent Progress in Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer

A system and method for variable power transfer in an inductive charging or power system. In accordance with an embodiment the system comprises a pad or similar base unit that contains a primary, which creates an alternating magnetic field. A receiver comprises a means for receiving the energy from the alternating magnetic field from the pad and transferring it to a mobile device, battery, or other device. In accordance with various embodiments, additional features can be incorporated into the system to provide greater power transfer efficiency, and to allow the system to be easily modified for applications that have different power requirements. These include variations in the material used to manufacture the primary and/or the receiver coils; modified circuit designs to be used on the primary and/or receiver side; and additional circuits and components that perform specialized tasks, such as mobile device or battery identification, and automatic voltage or power-setting for different devices or batteries.

System and method for inductive charging of portable devices

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology that can realize electric power transmission over certain distances without physical contact, offering significant benefits to modern automation systems, medical applications, consumer electronics, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing compensation topologies for the loosely coupled transformer. Compensation topologies are reviewed and evaluated based on their basic and advanced functions. Individual passive resonant networks used to achieve constant (load-independent) voltage or current output are analyzed and summarized. Popular WPT compensation topologies are given as application examples, which can be regarded as the combination of multiple blocks of resonant networks. Analyses of the input zero phase angle and soft switching are conducted as well. This paper also discusses the compensation requirements for achieving the maximum efficiency according to different WPT application areas.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielaam/25/7493708/7152988-aam.pdf

Compensation Topologies of High-Power Wireless Power Transfer Systems

A power source, charging system, and inductive receiver for mobile devices. A pad or similar base unit comprises a primary, which creates a magnetic field by applying an alternating current to a winding, coil, or any type of current carrying wire. A receiver comprises a means for receiving the energy from the alternating magnetic field and transferring it to a mobile or other device. The receiver can also comprise electronic components or logic to set the voltage and current to the appropriate levels required by the mobile device, or to communicate information or data to and from the pad. The system may also incorporate efficiency measures that improve the efficiency of power transfer between the charger and receiver.

Power source, charging system, and inductive receiver for mobile devices

Inductive power transmission is proposed more and more also for consumer applications. In this work, limitations with respect to efficiency of the whole magnetic system are investigated. The power efficiency of a given structure is dependent on resonant matching and on the load impedance. First, the matching conditions for optimal power efficiency are derived. Then the achievable efficiency for inductive transmission structures with varying distance and size ratios are investigated. Recent publications on inductive power transmission are evaluated and discussed based on these results. As a conclusion, inductive power transmission in a larger space (e.g. a whole room) is very inefficient. On the other hand, inductive power transmission at a surface can be efficient as conventional power supplies. Based on this insight, an inductive power transmission pad has been designed and built, with the purpose to charge mobile devices like mobile phones. It can charge an arbitrary number of devices and allows free positioning of the devices on the pad. It consists of an array of planar transmitter coils and has a size of 20 cm x 26 cm. It can detect the position of a receiver and activates only the coils underneath a receiver.

Limitation of inductive power transfer for consumer applications

In this paper we describe a low-tech and user friendly solution for secure two-way communication between two parties over a network of untrusted devices We present a solution in which displays play a central role Our approach guarantees privacy and allows to check the authenticity of information presented on displays Furthermore, we provide the user with a secure return channel To this end we propose to provide every user with a small decryption display which is, for example, integrated in a credit card and requires very limited computing power The authentication and security are based on visual cryptography which was first introduced by Naor and Shamir in 1994 We solve some practical shortcomings of traditional visual cryptography and develop protocols for two-way authentication and privacy in untrusted environments

Visual Crypto Displays Enabling Secure Communications

In this paper we describe a low-tech and user friendly solution for secure two-way communication between two parties over a network of untrusted devices. We present a solution in which displays play a central role. Our approach guarantees privacy and allows to check the authenticity of information presented on displays. Furthermore, we provide the user with a secure return channel. To this end we propose to provide every user with a small decryption display which is, for example, integrated in a credit card and requires very limited computing power. The authentication and security are based on visual cryptography which was first introduced by Naor and Shamir in 1994. We solve some practical shortcomings of traditional visual cryptography and develop protocols for two-way authentication and privacy in untrusted environments.

Visual Crypto Displays Enabling Secure Communications.

Cordless kitchens are the next big step in Smart Kitchens that are enabled by the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. The appliances in a cordless kitchen are powered by inductive power sources (PTx) that are integrated into kitchen counter-tops. The appliance and the PTx exchange control information using a near-field communication (NFC) channel. These appliances currently do not have Internet connectivity to enable smart cooking and control of the appliance from smartphones. Embedding a WiFi radio powered by batteries on the appliance is undesirable as batteries require recharging or replacement, and also increase the cost of the appliance. Therefore, we propose to connect the PTx to Internet and exploit the NFC channel for tunneling Internet traffic to the appliances. Due to the heavy magnetic fields induced by the PTx, this NFC channel has to be time-slotted, which is unique to the cordless kitchen appliances. This introduces many challenges on the communication, as the low data rates and high latencies of the NFC channel are aggravated by the slotting of the NFC channel. We focus on the TCP protocol as it is the most widely used transport protocol on the Internet. The performance of TCP is severely affected due to the time-slotted NFC channel. We identify two major problems that occur when TCP/IP is tunneled over the time-slotted NFC channel, namely spurious retransmissions of the TCP packets and packet drops at the NFC interface. Since most of the TCP/IP sessions in this environment are short, relying on TCP's natural course to adapt to long delays is not viable. To solve these, we propose a method to determine optimal TCP retransmission timeout values, and a channel sensing mechanism to avoid packet drops. In addition, we perform a detailed analysis to study the influence of parameters such as the contention window size, maximum segment size and NFC bit error rates. We implement and evaluate the solutions on a cordless kitchen testbed. We find that the proposed solutions almost completely eliminate the spurious retransmissions and packet drops. Furthermore, we achieve up to 53% lower end-to-end latency at 24 kbps in the NFC time-slotted mode.

Cook over IP: Adapting TCP for Cordless Kitchen Appliances

This chapter discusses two possible architectures to connect the cordless kitchen appliances to the Internet. Design, advantages and disadvantages of both these architectures are covered in detail.

Architectures for Internet Connectivity

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