Object An experimental study was performed to determine the biomechanical end-mounting configurations that replicate in vivo physiological motion of the cervical spine in a multiple-level human cadaveric model. The vertebral motion response for the modified testing protocol was compared to in vivo motion data and traditional pure-moment testing methods. Methods Biomechanical tests were performed on fresh human cadaveric cervical spines (C2–T1) mounted in a programmable testing apparatus. Three different end-mounting conditions were studied: pinned–pinned, pinned–fixed, and translational/pinned–fixed. The motion response of the individual segmental vertebral rotations was statistically compared using one-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (p < 0.05 unless otherwise stated) to determine differences in the motion responses for different testing methods. Conclusions A translational/pinned–fixed mounting configuration induced a bending-moment distribution across the cervical spine, resulti...

/pdf/an-improved-biomechanical-testing-protocol-for-evaluating-5e2tvg9jjw.pdf

An improved biomechanical testing protocol for evaluating spinal arthroplasty and motion preservation devices in a multilevel human cadaveric cervical model.

Biomechanical testing methodologies for the spine have developed over the past 50 years. During that time, there have been several paradigm shifts with respect to techniques. These techniques evolved by incorporating state-of-the-art engineering principles, in vivo measurements, anatomical structure-function relationships, and the scientific method. Multiple parametric studies have focused on the effects that the experimental technique has on outcomes. As a result, testing methodologies have evolved, but there are no standard testing protocols, which makes the comparison of findings between experiments difficult and conclusions about in vivo performance challenging. In 2019, the international spine research community was surveyed to determine the consensus on spine biomechanical testing and if the consensus opinion was consistent with the scientific evidence. More than 80 responses to the survey were received. The findings of this survey confirmed that while some methods have been commonly adopted, not all are consistent with the scientific evidence. This review summarizes the scientific literature, the current consensus, and the authors' recommendations on best practices based on the compendium of available evidence.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jsp2.1138

Spine biomechanical testing methodologies: The controversy of consensus vs scientific evidence.

Effect of specimen length: are the mechanics of individual motion segments comparable in functional spinal units and multisegment specimens?

Adaptive velocity-based six degree of freedom load control for real-time unconstrained biomechanical testing

A hexapod robotic test system has been developed to enable complex six degree of freedom (6-DOF) testing of bones, joints, soft tissues, artificial joints and other medical and surgical devices. The device employs six permanent-magnet servomotor driven ballscrews to actuate the system, and measures the displacement response using incremental encoders and loads using a six axis load-cell. The mechanism incorporates a unique design which mitigates many of the issues arising from load-cell compliance, common to most other serial and parallel mechanisms for material testing. This was achieved through a non-collocated design which raises additional challenges. Achieving high bandwidth control of the hexapod also presents challenges, and was achieved using a combination of LabVIEW real-time running on a floating-point Intel processor, along with LabVIEW FPGA running on 16bit Xilinx FPGAs. In this paper the following unique aspects of this hexapod are discussed: the mitigation of load-cell compliance, non-collocated control, implementation of the controller on a real-time platform, and finally technical solutions to solve the complex forward-kinematics solution in real-time. Finally, the results from testing a high-density polymer cylindrical specimen are presented.

Real-time FPGA control of a hexapod robot for 6-DOF biomechanical testing

This study investigated a previously unaccounted for source of error in a high-capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell used in multi-degree-of-freedom robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints, an application requiring a load cell with high accuracy in addition to high load capacity. A method of calibration is presented for reducing the error caused by changes in universal force-moment sensor (UFS) orientation within a gravitational field. Uncorrected, this error can exceed a magnitude of 1% of the full-scale load capacity-the manufacturer-stated accuracy of the UFS. Implementation of the calibration protocol reduced this error by approximately 75% for a variety of loading conditions. This improvement in load cell accuracy (while maintaining full load capacity) should improve both the measurement and control of specimen kinetics by robotic/UFS and other biomechanical testing systems.

Improvement of accuracy in a high-capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell : Application to robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints

Simulation and Control of a Robotic/UFS Testing System With Application to Lumbar Spine Biomechanics

New methods to study lumbar spine biomechanics: Delineation of in vitro load-displacement characteristics by using a robotic/UFS testing system with hybrid control

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Papers

Improvement of accuracy in a high-capacity, six degree-of-freedom load cell : Application to robotic testing of musculoskeletal joints

Simulation and Control of a Robotic/UFS Testing System With Application to Lumbar Spine Biomechanics

New methods to study lumbar spine biomechanics: Delineation of in vitro load-displacement characteristics by using a robotic/UFS testing system with hybrid control