Determination of circulating cancer cells in human blood is potential to be convenient diagnosis of different cancers. The study reports one strategy for synthesis of folic acid and glutamic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dot-palladium@gold (FA/Glu-GQD-Pd@Au). Firstly, FA/Glu-GQD was prepared by thermolysis of the mixture of citric acid, glutamic acid and folic acid. Then, it was used as the stabilizer and reducer for synthesis of FA/Glu-GQD-Pd@Au. The resulting hybrid was employed as one redox probe for construction of electrochemical sensing platform for cancer cells. The study reveals that the FA/Glu-GQD-Pd@Au offers one core@shell nanostructure. Pd nanocube as the core was covered by gold nanocrystal as the shell. For the detection, Pd@Au gives high electrocatalytic activity due to its unique structure as well as combination with FA/Glu-GQD. FA/Glu-GQD strongly binds with cancer cells to produce target recognition. FA/Glu-GQD occurs reversible redox reactions on the electrode surface and produces electrochemical signal for binding cancer cells. Pd@Au in situ catalyzes redox of FA/Glu-GQD and achieves to significant signal amplification. The sensor based on FA/Glu-GQD-Pd@Au exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity for detection of cancer cells. The differential pulse voltammetric peak current linearly reduces with the increase of cancer cells in the range of 3−1 × 105 HepG2 cells mL−1 with the detection limit of 2 cells mL−1 (S/N = 3). The proposed analytical method has been successfully applied in electrochemical detection of circulating cancer cells in human blood.

Electrochemical detection of cancer cells in human blood using folic acid and glutamic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dot-palladium@gold as redox probe with excellent electrocatalytic activity and target recognition

Strand displacement amplification (SDA) is a classic isothermal amplification technique, which usually requires one primer and one template. Here, we integrated the primer and the template to design a hairpin DNA. Using polydopamine nanospheres (PDANS) as a reversible and nonspeciﬁc inhibitor, an immobilization-free and label-free ECL sensor was fabricated. Without As(III), hairpin DNA is constrained by PDANS, and SDA process is inhibited. Ru(phen)32+, as ECL probe, can diffuse to the negatively charged ITO electrode surface to bring strong ECL response. While the presence of As(III) released the hairpin DNA, and triggered the SDA process with the help of polymerase and nicking endonuclease to generate lots of dsDNA, which interacted with Ru(phen)32+ to form the complex of dsDNA-Ru(phen)32+. The complex is difficult to approach the ITO electrode surface owing to the electrostatic repulsion, resulting in low ECL response. As a consequence, the detection limit of 1.2 × 10−3 ppb for As(III) can be achieved. Meanwhile, it is also applied to assay As(III) in flos sophorae. This strategy not only avoided the adjustment of primer-template ratio and improved amplification efficiency, but also reduced the treatment of the electrode and the immobilization of probe on the electrode. It is hopeful that this method was applied to assay food contaminants, environmental pollutions.

Label-free and immobilization-free electrochemiluminescent sensing platform for highly sensitive detection of As(III) by combining target-induced strand displacement amplification with polydopamine nanospheres

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for major part of primary liver cancer, which is one of the most dangerous malignant tumors worldwide. Although early detection and treatment can greatly improve patient well-being, most of HCC patients still fail to be timely diagnosed and managed, as the symptoms are unconspicuous and are difficult to examine at the early stage. To tackle the challenge, nanomaterial-enhanced HCC biosensing methods are rapidly developed by integrating specific recognition elements of HCC-related biomarkers with different nanomaterials. These methods demonstrate high sensitivity and selectivity toward HCC-related detection in vitro and in vivo, and thus play a pivotal role in early diagnosis. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in the field of nanomaterials-enhanced biosensing methods for HCC diagnosis by highlighting a number of representative works. Particular attention is focused on different types of HCC-related biomarkers, including nucleic acid, protein, HCC cells and cell-derived exosomes.

Recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced biosensing methods for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis

Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for attomolar level detection of let 7a based on toehold mediated strand displacement reaction circuits and molecular beacon mediated circular strand displacement polymerization.

First passage time study of DNA strand displacement

Cellular interface supported toehold strand displacement cascade for amplified dual-electrochemical signal and its application for tumor cell analysis

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Cellular interface supported toehold strand displacement cascade for amplified dual-electrochemical signal and its application for tumor cell analysis