Photodynamic therapy is arising as a noninvasive treatment modality for cancer and other diseases. One of the key factors to determine the therapeutic function is the efficiency of photosensitizers (PSs). Opposed to traditional PSs, which show quenched fluorescence and reduced singlet oxygen production in the aggregate state, PSs with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) exhibit enhanced fluorescence and strong photosensitization ability in nanoparticles. Here, the design principles of AIE PSs and their biomedical applications are discussed in detail, starting with a summary of traditional PSs, followed by a comparison between traditional and AIE PSs to highlight the various design strategies and unique features of the latter. Subsequently, the applications of AIE PSs in photodynamic cancer cell ablation, bacteria killing, and image-guided therapy are discussed using charged AIE PSs, AIE PS molecular probes, and AIE PS nanoparticles as examples. These studies have demonstrated the great potential of AIE PSs as effective theranostic agents to treat tumor or bacterial infection. This review hopefully will spur more research interest in AIE PSs for future translational research.

Photosensitizers with Aggregation-Induced Emission: Materials and Biomedical Applications

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), a novel cancer therapeutic strategy defined as the treatment using Fenton or Fenton-like reaction to produce •OH in the tumor region, was first proposed by Bu, Shi, and co-workers in 2016. Recently, with the rapid development of Fenton and Fenton-like nanomaterials, CDT has attracted tremendous attention because of its unique advantages: 1) It is tumor-selective with low side effects; 2) the CDT process does not depend on external field stimulation; 3) it can modulate the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment; 4) the treatment cost of CDT is low. In addition to the Fe-involved CDT strategies, the Fenton-like reaction-mediated CDT strategies have also been proposed, which are based on many other metal elements including copper, manganese, cobalt, titanium, vanadium, palladium, silver, molybdenum, ruthenium, tungsten, cerium, and zinc. Moreover, CDT has been combined with other therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy for achieving enhanced anticancer effects. Besides, there have also been studies that extend the application of CDT to the antibacterial field. This review introduces the latest advancements in the nanomaterials-involved CDT from 2018 to the present and proposes the current limitations as well as future research directions in the related field.

Chemodynamic Therapy via Fenton and Fenton-Like Nanomaterials: Strategies and Recent Advances.

Development and application of hyaluronic acid in tumor targeting drug delivery

Au2Pt-PEG-Ce6 nanoformulation with dual nanozyme activities for synergistic chemodynamic therapy / phototherapy.

Tuning Zn2+ coordination tunnel by hierarchical gel electrolyte for dendrite-free zinc anode.

It is of extreme importance to reduce side effects resulting from the nonspecific uptake of phototherapeutic agents by normal tissues. Currently, the single responsive strategy still cannot entirel...

Combination-Responsive MoO3–x-Hybridized Hyaluronic Acid Hollow Nanospheres for Cancer Phototheranostics

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) has shown enormous potential in not only eliminating primary tumors, but also inhibiting abscopal tumor growth. However, the efficacy of PIT is greatly limited by tumor hypoxia, which causes the attenuation of phototherapeutic efficacy and is a feature of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, one type of brand-new artificial metalloprotein nanoanalogues is developed via reasonable integration of a "phototherapy-enzymatic" RuO2 and a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) for enhanced PIT of cancers, namely, RuO2 -hybridized OVA nanoanalogues (RuO2 @OVA NAs). The RuO2 @OVA NAs exhibit remarkable photothermal/photodynamic capabilities under the near-infrared light irradiation. More importantly, the photoacoustic imaging and immunofluorescence staining confirm that RuO2 @OVA NAs can remarkably alleviate hypoxia via in situ catalysis of hydrogen peroxide overexpressed in the TME to produce oxygen (O2 ). This ushers a prospect of concurrently enhancing photodynamic therapy and reversing the immunosuppressive TME. Also, OVA, as a supplement to the immune stimulation induced by phototherapy, can activate immune responses. Finally, further combination with the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 checkpoint blockade is reported to effectively eliminate the primary tumor and inhibit distant tumor growth via the abscopal effect of antitumor immune responses, prolonging the survival.

Artificial Metalloprotein Nanoanalogues: In Situ Catalytic Production of Oxygen to Enhance Photoimmunotherapeutic Inhibition of Primary and Abscopal Tumor Growth.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of metal-polyphenol nano-particles. The preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing a certain amount of tannic acid and a certain amount of ammonium metavanadate, separately dissolving the tannic acid and the ammonium metavanadate into distilled water, and uniformly stirring for subsequent use; heating an ammonium metavanadate solution, and stirring to obtain a golden yellow solution, namely a vanadium oxide solution; adding the vanadium oxide solution in a tannic acid solution, and heating and reacting to obtain a black solution; and carrying out dialysis to obtain the final product. The product has biodegradability, and the preparation method is a novel method for preparing the metal-polyphenol nano-particles forphotothermal therapy. The preparation method is simple and convenient to operate, and the raw materials are cheap and easily obtained. The metal-polyphenol nano-particles prepared by the method not only can be absorbed well in a near-infrared region like a traditional photothermal reagent and can be used for photothermal therapy of cancers, but also particularly has biodegradability, facilitatesinternal excretion, is not residual in a living body, and has wide application prospect.

Preparation method and application of metal-polyphenol nano-particles

The invention discloses a preparation method and an application of a glutathione response vanadium oxide nano-particle. Ammonium metavanadate and hyaluronic acid are synthesized by a one-step method to obtain the nano-particle. The preparation method of the nano-particle is simple, raw materials are low in cost and easy to get, and the vanadium oxide nano-particle modified by the hyaluronic acid has the advantages that the nano-particle is good biocompatibility and has good dispersibility in water solution and the like. The nano-particle has good absorbing ability in a near infrared region after being incubated by glutathione, near-infrared light can be converted into heat energy, and the nano-particle can be used for photothermal therapy and has wide application prospects in the field ofphotothermal therapy for cancers.

Preparation method and application of glutathione response vanadium oxide nano-particle

Correction to "Receptor-Mediated and Tumor-Microenvironment Combination-Responsive Ru Nanoaggregates for Enhanced Cancer Phototheranostics".

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