Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.

Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis

Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review

Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines: Critical review

Uneconomical extension of the grid has led to generation of electric power at the end user facility and has been proved to be cost effective and to an extent efficient. With augmented significance on eco-friendly technologies the use of renewable energy sources such as micro-hydro, wind, solar, biomass and biogas is being explored. This paper presents an extensive review on various issues related to Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) based power generation. Issues related to integration configurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and system control for energy flow management are discussed in detail. For stand-alone applications integration of renewable energy sources, performed through DC coupled, AC coupled or hybrid DC–AC coupled configurations, are studied in detail. Based on the requirement of storage duration in isolated areas, storage technology options can be selected for integrated systems. Uncertainties involved in designing an effective IRES based power generation system for isolated areas is accounted due to highly dynamic nature of availability of sources and the demand at site. Different methodologies adopted and reported in literature for sizing of the system components are presented. Distributed control, centralized and hybrid control schemes for energy flow management in IRES have also been discussed.

A review on Integrated Renewable Energy System based power generation for stand-alone applications: Configurations, storage options, sizing methodologies and control

Public awareness of the need to reduce global warming and the significant increase in the prices of conventional energy sources have encouraged many countries to provide new energy policies that promote the renewable energy applications. Such renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydro based energies, etc. are environment friendly and have potential to be more widely used. Combining these renewable energy sources with back-up units to form a hybrid system can provide a more economic, environment friendly and reliable supply of electricity in all load demand conditions compared to single-use of such systems. One of the most important issues in this type of hybrid system is to optimally size the hybrid system components as sufficient enough to meet all load requirements with possible minimum investment and operating costs. There are many studies about the optimization and sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems since the recent popular utilization of renewable energy sources. In this concept, this paper provides a detailed analysis of such optimum sizing approaches in the literature that can make significant contributions to wider renewable energy penetration by enhancing the system applicability in terms of economy.

Optimum design of hybrid renewable energy systems: Overview of different approaches

The utility of energy storage to improve the economics of wind–diesel power plants in Canada

Stakeholders’ perspectives on barriers to remote wind–diesel power plants in Canada

/pdf/renewable-is-doable-affordable-and-flexible-options-for-56f00dtv0n.pdf

Renewable is Doable: Affordable and flexible options for Ontario's long term energy plan

The Government of Alberta released a statement in its 2008 provincial energy strategy that alternative and renewable energy sources will play a growing role in the province's energy future. This report provided an examination of the extent to which cleaner alternatives to coal, nuclear and other non-renewable resources could be deployed to meet Alberta's electricity consumption over the next 20 years, which is expected to be almost twice the current level of consumption. This report also provided background information on electricity generation in Alberta; a history of electricity in Alberta and electricity in Alberta today; and projecting future needs. The impacts of electricity generation were also presented as they relate to greenhouse gases; other pollution; water use; land use; flora and fauna; employment; and cost. Cleaning Alberta's grid from the perspective of improved efficiency was also examined. Specific renewable energy sources and their technological descriptions that were analysed included wind power; hydro; biomass; geothermal electricity; cogeneration for industry and buildings; recovered industrial energy; micropower; and virtual power plants. Several scenarios were offered, such as business as usual; pale green scenario; and the green scenario. It was recommended that the Government of Alberta assemble a task force or expert panel, analogous to those that have already been assembled to look at nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage, to examine the best ways of promoting renewable electricity. 23 tabs., 44 figs., 1 appendix.

Greening the grid : powering Alberta's future with renewable energy

Climate change impacts due to unprecedented rising concentrations of greenhouse gas (GHG) are intensifying and widespread, making extreme climate events more widespread, frequent, and severe. To mitigate the worst consequences of climate warming, in this study we investigated how the global community can collectively achieve a large-scale, sustained reduction in GHG emissions, and how to effectively move away from a predominantly fossil fuel-based economy to one dominated by renewable energy? This transition is necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG) of United Nations (UN) to ensure resilient and healthy environment for present and future generations, especially the SDG7 of UN, 'Affordable and Clean Energy', set up to achieve global development of modern renewable energy systems. Investment policies and patterns of developed and developing countries in transitioning to energy productions primarily from renewable sources and obstacles such as scale-up challenges, innovations in new energy systems, policies, financing mechanisms, and implementation strategies are examined. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the present global status of hydropower, wind and solar, the three most significant renewable electricity technologies, as well as their basic operating principles, costs, and potential is conducted. Hydroelectric, wind and solar power had grown from 3429, 346 and 34 TWh yr-1 in 2010 to 4274, 1598 and 846 TWh yr-1 in 2020, a growth of about 1.25, 4.60, and 24.9 times in a decade, respectively. Strategies to achieve energy systems that are of or near net zero GHG emissions by 2050s through the deployment of renewable energy systems are also investigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ente.202300275

Enhancing Renewable Energy Systems, Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals of United Nation and Building Resilience against Climate Change Impacts

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