Virtual reality (VR) has been successfully applied to a broad range of training domains; however, to date there is little research investigating its benefits for sport psychology training. We hypothesized that using high-fidelity VR systems to display realistic 3D sport environments could trigger anxiety, allowing resilience-training systems to prepare athletes for real-world, high-pressure situations. In this work we investigated the feasibility and usefulness of using VR for sport psychology training. We developed a virtual soccer goalkeeping application for the Virginia Tech Visionarium VisCube (a CAVE-like display system), in which users defend against simulated penalty kicks using their own bodies. Using the application, we ran a controlled, within-subjects experiment with three independent variables: known anxiety triggers, field of regard, and simulation fidelity. The results demonstrate that a VR sport-oriented system can induce increased anxiety (physiological and subjective measures) compared to a baseline condition. There were a number of main effects and interaction effects for all three independent variables in terms of the subjective measures of anxiety. Both known anxiety triggers and simulation fidelity had a direct relationship to anxiety, while field of regard had an inverse relationship. Overall, the results demonstrate great potential for VR sport psychology training systems; however, further research is needed to determine if training in a VR environment can lead to long-term reduction in sport-induced anxiety.

Feasibility of Training Athletes for High-Pressure Situations Using Virtual Reality

3D gestural interaction provides a powerful and natural way to interact with computers using the hands and body for a variety of different applications including video games, training and simulation, and medicine. However, accurately recognizing 3D gestures so that they can be reliably used in these applications poses many different research challenges. In this paper, we examine the state of the field of 3D gestural interfaces by presenting the latest strategies on how to collect the raw 3D gesture data from the user and how to accurately analyze this raw data to correctly recognize 3D gestures users perform. In addition, we examine the latest in 3D gesture recognition performance in terms of accuracy and gesture set size and discuss how different applications are making use of 3D gestural interaction. Finally, we present ideas for future research in this thriving and active research area.

/pdf/3d-gestural-interaction-the-state-of-the-field-2837jfayqm.pdf

3D Gestural Interaction: The State of the Field

We introduce Reality-based User Interface System (RUIS), a virtual reality (VR) toolkit aimed for students and hobbyists, which we have used in an annually organized VR course for the past four years. RUIS toolkit provides 3D user interface building blocks for creating immersive VR applications with spatial interaction and stereo 3D graphics, while supporting affordable VR peripherals like Kinect, PlayStation Move, Razer Hydra, and Oculus Rift. We describe a novel spatial interaction scheme that combines freeform, full-body interaction with traditional video game locomotion, which can be easily implemented with RUIS. We also discuss the specific challenges associated with developing VR applications, and how they relate to the design principles behind RUIS. Finally, we validate our toolkit by comparing development difficulties experienced by users of different software toolkits, and by presenting several VR applications created with RUIS, demonstrating a variety of spatial user interfaces that it can produce.

RUIS: a toolkit for developing virtual reality applications with spatial interaction

As low cost commercial video game sensors emerge, realistic full body interactions available in the household can also be utilized to support low cost dismounted Soldier training applications. These sensors, such as the Microsoft Kinect, are designed to work with users directly facing them. However, in an environment designed to train a team, larger spaces are necessary along with the freedom to maneuver and turn in all directions. These interactions are not reliably supported with the standard household video game configuration. In this paper, the use of multiple Kinects configured around a large area is examined, giving multiple Soldiers freedom of mobility and 360 degrees turning while wearing a Head Mounted Display. Skeletal recognition algorithms are shown within the Microsoft Kinect Software Development Kit that can be merged using commercially available tools and advanced fusion algorithms to produce better quality representations of users in the real world within a virtual environment. While one Kinect will often lose tracking of parts of a user, this paper shows that several Kinects coupled with inference algorithms can produce a much better tracked representation as users move around. Furthermore, the use of depth images along with the skeletal representations was examined to optimize fusion algorithms when bandwidth is available. Finally, it is shown how these techniques are capable of taking several skeletal representations in the virtual scene and merging them together to form a virtual representation of a single user. This system expands the viability of low cost commercial solutions to Soldier training in complex virtual environments.

/pdf/multi-kinect-tracking-for-dismounted-soldier-training-draz2qwprw.pdf

Multi-Kinect Tracking for Dismounted Soldier Training

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) have been shown to be effective in training a variety of military tasks. However, these systems are often limited to laboratory settings on standard PCs and laptops which focus on exercising cognitive skills (e.g., decision-making and problem solving) and may potentially limit the learning and retention of the dismounted Soldiers and Marines training to master physical tasks. Augmented reality presents the possibility of combining intelligent tutoring with hands-on applications in realistic physical environments. In this paper, we examine the use of an augment-reality based adaptive tutoring system for instruction in the wild, locations where no formal training infrastructure is present, and identify the challenges that arise when developing such a system. We began the transition from desktop tutoring to the wild by exploring an existing real life mockup of a market scene along with low cost commercial-off-the-shelf devices (e.g., HMDs coupled with depth cameras) and a 3D model of the environment. The goal of our canning approach is to use “human in the loop” 3D scene acquisition via augmented reality so that the scene can be scanned efficiently and with complete coverage. Using this 3D model, intelligent tutoring systems can adaptively manage instruction while being aware of the physical and augmented objects in the scenario. Furthermore, with this awareness of the physical environment, we hope to provide augmented effects and objects (e.g., virtual humans) that register to the physical environment and respond realistically to interactions with the trainee. We also explored developing a training scenario for evaluation of our system that is made to work with emerging low-cost commercial augmented reality devices (e.g., Epson Moverio). Our approach examines the merging of intelligent tutoring with augmented reality to be used for hands-on immersive training of psychomotor tasks in a setting beyond the typical desktop tutoring session.

/pdf/using-augmented-reality-to-tutor-military-tasks-in-the-wild-588zvab2iv.pdf

Using Augmented Reality to Tutor Military Tasks in the Wild

Realistic interaction in 3D Virtual Environments (VEs) gives Soldiers a greater task focus (e.g. train as you fight), instead of focusing on the interface or learning training behaviors unrelated to the task. Full-body interfaces include all training interactions, such as navigation, team communication, firing and manipulating weapons, and other relevant domain tasks. For VEs that deal with training and simulation, appropriate interaction mechanisms are critical to providing realistic and immersive experiences that closely mimic real world activities being taught as the computer interface becomes invisible to the user. In particular, dismounted Soldier training requires a VE experience that closely resembles the real world; not only in terms of visual fidelity, but also in terms of the actions Soldiers need to perform. In this paper, we present a prototype system for dismounted Soldier training, where users can navigate through a virtual environment using natural full body motions. Soldiers can run, jump, crouch, and turn in the VE while still holding their weapon by simply using their bodies, mimicking the motions they would normally do in the real world. Our system makes use of video game console motion controllers including the Microsoft Kinect, Playstation Move, and Nintendo Wiimote, combined with the Unity 3D game engine to support untethered interaction. Our system makes use of a set of heuristic recognition rules that recognize various actions taken from the Kinect’s depth image 3D skeleton representation. These rules support seamless transitions between realistic physical interactions (e.g., actually walking and running) and proxied physical interactions (e.g. walking and running in place) that support locomotion in the larger VE. We discuss the details of our prototype and provide an informal evaluation using subject matter experts.

/pdf/natural-full-body-interaction-for-navigation-in-dismounted-12hq3gozg8.pdf

Natural Full Body Interaction for Navigation in Dismounted Soldier Training

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Multi-Kinect Tracking for Dismounted Soldier Training

Natural Full Body Interaction for Navigation in Dismounted Soldier Training