Prism adaptation in normal aging: slower adaptation rate and larger aftereffect.

The goal of the two experiments of the present study was to determine whether in an aiming task performed within a relatively long movement time (MT) bandwidth, older adults make similar use of visual information for motor control as younger adults. Older and younger subjects practiced a manual aiming task toward one (Experiment 1), or one of many (Experiment 2) small target(s) while only the target to be reached was visible (proprioception only: P) or under normal lighting condition (proprioception+vision: PV). Following practice, all subjects were transferred to the P conditions. The results of both experiments indicate that the older subjects were, during practice, as accurate as the younger ones in the PV condition. Moreover, both groups suffered a large and similar increase in aiming error in the transfer condition. This underlines that a useful source of sensory information, namely vision, has been withdrawn in transfer. This result is different from those of earlier studies in which a shorter target MT had been used (Chaput & Proteau, 1996; Proteau, Charest, & Chaput, 1994). This suggests that older adults process the sensory information available in that type of task similarly to younger subjects but at a lower speed. However, when the temporal constraints of the task are stringent, older adults might rely more on modes of control in which sensory information plays a minimal role when compared to younger subjects. Finally, the results of the second experiment suggest that, when multiple targets are used, older adults appear to program a response which is optimally suited for a "central" target.

Aging and Motor Control

Several changes in the human sensory systems, like presbycusis or presbyopia, are well-known to occur with physiological ageing. A similar change is likely to occur in proprioception, too, but there are strong and unexplained discrepancies in the literature. It was proposed that assessment of the attentional cost of proprioceptive control could provide information able to unify these previous studies. To this aim, 15 young adults and 15 older adults performed a position matching task in single and dual-task paradigms with different difficulty levels of the secondary task (congruent and incongruent Stroop-type tasks) to assess presumed age-related deficits in proprioceptive control. Results showed that proprioceptive control was as accurate and as consistent in older as in young adults for a single proprioceptive task. However, performing a secondary cognitive task and increasing the difficulty of this secondary task evidenced both a decreased matching performance and/or an increased attentional cost of proprioceptive control in older adults as compared to young ones. These results advocated for an impaired proprioception in physiological ageing.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00736888/document

Presbypropria: the effects of physiological ageing on proprioceptive control

Age-related forgetting in locomotor adaptation.

An experiment was performed which examined the proprioception accuracy of young (20–25 yrs) and elderly (70–80 yrs) subjects on an upper extremity matching task. The subjects performed the task under conditions which required them to primarily rely on proprioception input (constrained movements) or allowed them the additional use of a goal-directed motor outflow (preselected movements) to assist in their matching. Of main interest was whether preselected movements would exhibit the same error patterns as constrained movements in the elderly as some decrease in proprioception was expected. The experiment found that with constrained movements limb matching accuracy deteriorated substantially in the elderly. In contrast, with the preselected movements, where in addition to proprioception, the use of a goal-directed motor outflow was available to aid in the matching, no deterioration in accuracy was found between age groups. The results are interpreted as evidence that when a goal-directed “corollary discharge” is available which can preset the motor system for anticipatory sensory information, no age changes in proprioception acuity are observed.

Aging and proprioception

30 elderly subjects were matched with 30 young subjects and tested on a kinesthetic short-term memory task which required the replication of criterion moves after a variable retention interval under conditions of either rest, differing interpolated movement tasks, or mental activity. A visual control condition was used. Differing interference and temporal decrements were observed. Both old and young subjects differed significantly between sighted and blindfold conditions; however, there was no difference between the performance of the old and the young in the blindfold (kinesthetic) condition. These findings were discussed with respect to practical implications for the retraining of old subjects on certain motor tasks.

Age differences in visual and kinesthetic short-term memory.

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Age differences in visual and kinesthetic short-term memory.