BACKGROUND: Comparing patterns of ter- restrial and marine defaunation helps to place human impacts on marine fauna in context and to navigate toward recovery. De- faunation began in ear- nest tens of thousands of years later in the oceans than it did on land. Al- though defaunation has been less severe in the oceans than on land, our effects on marine animals are increasing in pace and impact. Humans have caused few complete extinctions in the sea, but we are responsible for many ecological, commercial, and local extinctions. Despite our late start, humans have already powerfully changed virtually all major marine ecosystems. ADVANCES: Humans have profoundly de- creased the abundance of both large (e.g., whales) and small (e.g., anchovies) marine fauna. Such declines can generate waves of ecological change that travel both up and down marine food webs and can alter ocean ecosystem functioning. Human harvesters have also been a major force of evolutionary change in the oceans and have reshaped the genetic structure of marine animal popula- tions. Climate change threatens toaccelerate marine defaunation over the next century. The high mobility of many marine animals offers some increased, though limited, ca- pacity for marine species to respond to cli- mate stress, but it also exposes many species to increased risk from other stressors. Be- cause humans are intensely reliant on ocean ecosystems for food and other ecosystem ser- vices, we are deeply affected by all of these forecasted changes. Three lessons emerge when comparing the marine and terrestrial defaunation ex-

/pdf/marine-defaunation-animal-loss-in-the-global-ocean-1ru8fpvwmg.pdf

Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

/pdf/ethnography-and-the-historical-imagination-56dxn6ch98.pdf

Ethnography and the Historical Imagination

Report of the scientific committee.

Intergenerational loss of information about the abundance of exploited species can lead to shifting baselines, which have direct consequences for how species and ecosystems are managed. Historical data provide a means of regaining that information, but they still are not commonly applied in marine conservation and management. Omission of relevant historical information typically results in assessments of conservation status that are more optimistic, recovery targets that are lower, and fisheries quotas that are higher than if long-term data were considered. Here, we review data and methods that can be used to estimate historical baselines for marine species including bony fishes, sharks, turtles, and mammals, demonstrate how baselines used in management change when historical data are included, and provide specific examples of how data from the past can be applied in management and conservation including extinction risk assessment, recovery target setting, and management of data-poor fisheries. Incorporating historical data into conservation and management frameworks presents challenges, but the alternative—losing information on past population sizes and ecological variability—represents a greater risk to effective management of marine species and ecosystems.

/pdf/from-archives-to-conservation-why-historical-data-are-needed-3yi67ym6jz.pdf

From archives to conservation: why historical data are needed to set baselines for marine animals and ecosystems

https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3347/noaa_3347_DS1.pdf

A Taxonomy of World Whaling: Operations, Eras, and Data Sources

A Taxonomy of World Whaling

Near-Annihilation of a Species:: Right Whaling in the North Atlantic

The American whaling fleet sailing out of southern New England ports took many humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from breeding areas in the eastern and western North Atlantic during the second half of the 1800s The number of voyages destined for 'Atlantic' whaling grounds and the products obtained are well known, but the number of whales killed by region is difficult to estimate partly because of uncertainty about the relative magnitude of whaling effort in the West Indies, Cape Verde Islands, and South Atlantic Ocean We examined a random sample of logbooks from whaling voyages sailing from 1865 to 1886, stratified by port of departure and amount of whale oil returned Based on the logbook data, we estimated the proportions of voyages that whaled for humpbacks in the West Indies and the Cape Verde Islands We also estimated the average number of humpback whales landed in those areas per voyage The proportions of voyages and average numbers of whales were multiplied by the total number of voyages in each stratum to estimate the number of North Atlantic humpbacks landed The resulting estimates for the West Indies were higher than those reported by Mitchell and Reeves in 1983 and the estimates for the West Indies and the Cape Verde Islands were lower than those reported by Smith and Reeves in 2002 Our findings generally corroborate the assumptions of previous authors but improve the accuracy of removal estimates and provide measures of precision lacking in earlier studies

Estimating American 19 th Century Catches of Humpback Whales in the West Indies and Cape Verde Islands

Depletion within a Decade: The American 19th-Century North Paciﬁc Right Whale Fishery

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