Though research on the Semantic Web has progressed at a steady pace, its promise has yet to be realized. One major difficulty is that, by its very nature, the Semantic Web is a large, uncensored system to which anyone may contribute. This raises the question of how much credence to give each source. We cannot expect each user to know the trustworthiness of each source, nor would we want to assign top-down or global credibility values due to the subjective nature of trust. We tackle this problem by employing a web of trust, in which each user maintains trusts in a small number of other users. We then compose these trusts into trust values for all other users. The result of our computation is not an agglomerate "trustworthiness" of each user. Instead, each user receives a personalized set of trusts, which may vary widely from person to person. We define properties for combination functions which merge such trusts, and define a class of functions for which merging may be done locally while maintaining these properties. We give examples of specific functions and apply them to data from Epinions and our BibServ bibliography server. Experiments confirm that the methods are robust to noise, and do not put unreasonable expectations on users. We hope that these methods will help move the Semantic Web closer to fulfilling its promise.

Trust management for the Semantic Web

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as numerous pathological conditions. Angiogenesis undergoes multiple discrete steps that can be individually evaluated and quantified by a large number of bioassays. These independent assessments hold advantages but also have limitations. This article describes in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro bioassays that are available for the evaluation of angiogenesis and highlights critical aspects that are relevant for their execution and proper interpretation. As such, this collaborative work is the first edition of consensus guidelines on angiogenesis bioassays to serve for current and future reference.

/pdf/consensus-guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-gs4ty8bpcm.pdf

Consensus guidelines for the use and interpretation of angiogenesis assays

Cell death due to electroporation - A review.

Advances in computer technology have permitted development of virtual reality images of the tracheobronchial tree using data sets derived from helical CT of the chest. To determine the relevance of these images to actual bronchoscopic findings, we compared "virtual bronchoscopy" images with videotaped bronchoscopy results in 20 patients who had undergone both helical chest CT and fiberoptic bronchoscopy during clinical evaluation of their thoracic problems. Suboptimal endobronchial simulations in ten patients identified important, readily-addressed technical requirements for this imaging procedure. In the ten patients with technically suitable renderings of the airway, virtual bronchoscopy simulations accurately demonstrated endobronchial obstructions by tumor in five, airway distortion and/or ectasia in four, and accessory bronchi in another. These preliminary observations suggest that virtual bronchoscopy simulations accurately represent major endobronchial anatomic findings. This technique may have a role in prebronchoscopy planning, endoscopy training, and/or endobronchial therapy, and merits further study.

Virtual bronchoscopy - relationships of virtual reality endobronchial simulations to actual bronchoscopic findings

Gestures, widely accepted as a humans’ natural mode of interaction with their surroundings, have been considered for use in human-computer based interfaces since the early 1980s. They have been explored and implemented, with a range of success and maturity levels, in a variety of fields, facilitated by a multitude of technologies. Underpinning gesture theory however focuses on gestures performed simultaneously with speech, and majority of gesture based interfaces are supported by other modes of interaction. This article reports the results of a systematic review undertaken to identify characteristics of touchless/in-air hand gestures used in interaction interfaces. 148 articles were reviewed reporting on gesture-based interaction interfaces, identified through searching engineering and science databases (Engineering Village, Pro Quest, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science). The goal of the review was to map the field of gesture-based interfaces, investigate the patterns in gesture use, and identify common combinations of gestures for different combinations of applications and technologies. From the review, the community seems disparate with little evidence of building upon prior work and a fundamental framework of gesture-based interaction is not evident. However, the findings can help inform future developments and provide valuable information about the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches. It was further found that the nature and appropriateness of gestures used was not a primary factor in gesture elicitation when designing gesture based systems, and that ease of technology implementation often took precedence.

/pdf/systematic-literature-review-of-hand-gestures-used-in-human-4y0nvp5g9s.pdf

Systematic literature review of hand gestures used in human computer interaction interfaces

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by inflammation, monocyte-macrophage migration, and lipid accumulation in the vascular wall. The three-dimensional blood flow is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, together with the continuity equation. Mass transfer within the blood lumen and through the arterial wall is coupled with the blood flow and is modeled by the convection-diffusion equation. LDL transport in lumen of the vessel is described by Kedem-Katchalsky equations. The inflammatory process is solved using three additional reaction–diffusion partial differential equations. We presented basic 2D axisymmetric and 3D benchmark examples. The fitting of parameters for different models is described. Computational results and comparison with animal experiments are presented. Also plaque formation and progression model was applied on the patient data clinical data. Finally, the main conclusions of the work performed are given, with connecting between modeling and experimental work. Matching of plaque location and progression in time between experimental and computer model shows a potential benefit for future prediction of this vascular decease using computer simulation.

Computer Modeling of Atherosclerosis

In many processes in industrial, technical, biological and biomedical systems it is necessary to analyze the flow between coaxial cylinders. This phenomenon was analyzed in literature – analytically, experimentally and numerically. In this paper, numerical simulations of fluid flow between two concentric rotating cylinders are performed using a special formulation of the LB (lattice Boltzmann) method for moving walls, called the mass-conserved volumetric lattice Boltzmann (abbreviated MCVLB) method. Overall three different kinematic cases were considered - the inner and outer cylinder rotated with equal angular velocities, the inner cylinder was at rest and the cylinders rotated with equal and opposite angular velocities. The results of simulations are compared with other numerical results and analytical solutions to verify the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, a simulation of fluid flow through the semicircular canals of the inner ear is performed to demonstrate the possibilities of application of the proposed method in biomedical engineering.

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Fluid Flow Between Two Rotating Cylinders and Application in Biomedicine

The progression of atherosclerotic carotid plaque causes a gradual stenosis in the arterial lumen which might result to catastrophic plaque rupture ending to thromboembolism and stroke. Carotid artery disease is the main cause for ischemic stroke in the EU, thus intensifying the need of the development of tools for risk stratification and patient management in carotid artery disease. In this work, we present a comparative study between ultrasound-based and MRI-based 3D carotid artery models to investigate if US-based models can be used to assess the hemodynamic status of the carotid vasculature compared with the respective MRI-based models which are considered as the most realistic representation of the carotid vasculature. In-house developed algorithms were used to reconstruct the carotid vasculature in 3D. Our work revealed a promising similarity between the two methods of reconstruction in terms of geometrical parameters such as cross-sectional areas and centerline lengths, as well as simulated hemodynamic parameters such as peak Time-Averaged WSS values and areas of low WSS values which are crucial for the hemodynamic status of the cerebral vasculature. The aforementioned findings, therefore, constitute carotid US a possible MRI surrogate for the initial carotid artery disease assessment in terms of plaque evolution and possible plaque destabilization.

MRI vs. US 3D computational models of carotid arteries: a proof-of-concept study

The human body, as a complex biomechanical system, is daily exposed to oscillatory movements. Vibrations are observed as small displacements of points compared to the dimensions of the system. The body's sensitivity to vibration depends on many factors, such as body position, muscle tension, frequency, amplitude, and direction of vibration. Comfort is one of the important factors in the study of the quality of the vehicle. Exposure to vibrations over a long time can seriously and permanently damage some organs of the body. In this paper, the influence of vibrations on the lumbar part of the human body was investigated. Vibrations were determined experimentally while the vehicle was moving on the highway for the case of two different speeds. A 3D computer model of a lumbar spine was developed using CT scans. The acceleration values obtained by the experiment were the input values for the numerical analysis of the lumbar spine using the Ansys software package.

Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Vibration on the Lumbar Spine of the Driver

Atherosclerosis is condition characterized by arterial lumen stenosis through the formation of a plaque (atheroma). Plaques can be comprised of foam cells, fatty substances, lipids, cholesterol, cellular waste products, elastin, collagen, fibrin, calcium and many other constituents. A new computational model for plaque progression in the carotid artery using coupled Agent Based Method (ABM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) was developed. The ABM was coupled with an initial Wall Shear Stress (WSS) profile, which triggers a pathologic vascular remodeling by perturbing the baseline cellular activity and favoring lipid infiltration and accumulation within the arterial wall. The ABM model takes shear stress and LDL initial distribution from the lumen and starts iterative calculation inside the wall for lipid infiltration and accumulation using a random number generator for each time step. After ABM iterations, both wall lipid distribution and wall geometry are changed. Fluid-structure solver is running and lumen domain is calculated again. First results show good agreement between proposed method and clinical measurements in the follow up 3D Ultrasound image reconstruction. The integrated model ABM and FEM can help to predict the evolution of atherosclerotic plaque which is very significant for appropriate diagnostics and vascular treatment planning.

Agent Based with Finite Element Method for Plaque Progression in the Carotid Artery

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