Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes irritation, inflammation, and ulceration in the linings of the colon and rectum. Otostegia fruticosa is traditionally used to treat various disorders in different parts of the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. In the present study, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of crude leaves extract of O. fruticosa (OF.Cr) on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC model in Wistar albino rats. Wistar rats were administered orally with either vehicle (10 mL/kg), OF.Cr (200 and 400 mg/kg), or prednisolone (2 mg/kg) once a day for 6 days. On day 6, UC was induced in rats by intrarectal administration of a single dose of 5% AA (1.0 mL). Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded after one day of colitis induction by assessing the symptoms of colitis and then the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and colon tissues were isolated for the histopathological examination and biochemical analysis of oxidative stress parameters and cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α). OF.Cr pretreatment exhibits significant prevention against UC, as confirmed by a significant decrease of DAI, colonic ulceration, and reduced inflammatory score as compared to the AA-induced colitis rats. Depletion of total glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activities in the colitis group was significantly restored in the OF.Cr treated groups, while increased lipid peroxidation in the colon tissues was significantly reduced. OF.Cr prevented the activation of the IL-6 and TNF-α pathways in the colonic tissues, which were clearly observed by the decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the OF.Cr treated animals. Hence, OF.Cr could be developed in the future for the treatment of UC.

Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats: Ameliorated by Otostegia fruticosa

Asthma exacerbations evoke emergency room visits, progressive loss of lung function and increased mortality. Environmental and industrial toxicants exacerbate asthma, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We assessed whether 3 distinct toxicants, salicylic acid (SA), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) through modulating excitation-contraction coupling in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. The toxicants include a non-sensitizing irritant (SA), respiratory sensitizer (TDI) and dermal sensitizer (DNCB), respectively. We hypothesized that these toxicants induce AHR by modulating excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction was measured in precision-cut human lung slices (hPCLS) following exposure to SA, TDI, DNCB or vehicle. Culture supernatants of hPCLS were screened for mediator release. In HASM cells treated with the toxicants, surrogate readouts of EC coupling were measured by phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) and agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization ([Ca2+]i). In addition, Nrf-2-dependent antioxidant response was determined by NAD(P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression in HASM cells. In hPCLS, SA, but not TDI or DNCB, potentiated carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction. The toxicants had little effect on release of inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8 and eotaxin from hPCLS. In HASM cells, TDI amplified carbachol-induced MLC phosphorylation. The toxicants also had little effect on agonist-induced [Ca2+]i. SA, a non-sensitizing irritant, amplifies agonist-induced bronchoconstriction in hPCLS via mechanisms independent of inflammation and Ca2+ homeostasis in HASM cells. The sensitizers TDI and DNCB, had little effect on bronchoconstriction or inflammatory mediator release in hPCLS. Our findings suggest that non-sensitizing irritant salicylic acid may evoke AHR and exacerbate symptoms in susceptible individuals or in those with underlying lung disease.

/pdf/salicylic-acid-amplifies-carbachol-induced-fj1wipbwzk.pdf

Salicylic acid amplifies Carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction in human precision-cut lung slices

1934年美国哥伦比亚大学的Karl Meyer和John W．Palmer从牛眼玻璃体（hyaloid body or vitreous humor）分离出一种含糖醛酸（uronic acid）和氨基糖的高分子多糖，并将其命名为“hyaluronie acid”，该词由“hyaloid”（透明的、玻璃状的）和“uronie acid”组合而成，中译名为“透明质酸”。之后其结构被确认为由葡糖醛酸和Ⅳ。乙酰氨基葡糖组成直链高分子多糖，是一种广泛存在于脊椎动物结缔组织和某些细菌的物质。其羧基的解离常数为4．58×100（32℃），在生理中性环境中，hyaluronic acid分子链上的羧基处于解离状态，实际上是一个聚阴离子。1985年，透明质酸领域的著名学者Endre A．Balazs，Torvard C．Laurent等参考国际生物化学联合会一国际纯粹与应用化学联合会组成的生物化学命名委员会（IUB—IUPAC Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature）发布的多糖命名原则，联名在《生物化学杂志》（Biochemical Journal）发表一篇来信，建议将“hyaluronan”一词作为此种多糖的总称，不管其处于何种程度的解离度。之后“hyaluronan”一词在透明质酸领域广泛使用，其词义涵盖任何解离状态的透明质酸及其盐（hyaluronate）。《英汉生物学词汇》将“hyaluronan”译为“乙酰透明质酸”，显然与该词的命名者所定义的词义不同。因为透明质酸本身的组成成分之一即为Ⅳ一乙酰氨基葡糖，“乙酰透明质酸”的命名显然不妥。2004年Biopolymers的中译本《生物高分子》将“hyaluronan”译为“透明质多糖”，词义较准确，但字数较多。许多糖类虽系多糖，但其名称中并无“多”字。笔者建议将其译为“透明质素”或“透明质糖”，两者对比更倾向于“透明质素”。

“Hyaluronic acid”和“Hyaluronan”一词的来历及其中译名

Aloe volkensii has been used to manage several diseases including pain, inflammation and fever. However, its efficacy has not been scientifically validated. The aim of this study therefore is to investigate the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of its aqueous extracts. The plant was collected from Loita division, Narok County in Kenya. A total of 96 albino mice with an average weight of 20 g were used for this study. Analgesic activity was determined by use of 0.05 ml of 2.5% formalin−induced writhing test. A writhe was recorded by a stopwatch following the stretching of the abdomen and/or stretching of at least one hind limb. Anti-inflammatory activity was established by a formalin induced inflammation test. Hourly changes in paw sizes and reduction of edema around the paw was determined using a vernier calipers. Antipyretic activity was carried out using 0.03 g of 10 ml/kg of 15% w/v Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia. Temperature of each mouse was determined rectally by thermal probe thermometer. The aqueous leaf extracts of Aloe volkensii reduced pain, inflammation and fever mostly at dose 150 mg/kg body weight compared to dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. The results support the traditional use of A. volkensii in the treatment of various diseases associated with pain, fever and inflammation.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/antipyretic-antiinflammatory-and-analgesic-activities-of-aqueous-leafextract-of-aloe-volkensii-in-albino-mice-2167-0412-1000240.pdf

Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aloe volkensii in Albino Mice

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the development of medicinal plant-based therapies to diminish the ravages of the inflammatory process related to diseases and tissue damage. Most therapeutic effects of these traditional medicinal plants are owed to their phenolic and antioxidant properties. C. aconitifolius is a traditional medicinal plant in Mexico. Previous characterization reports have stated its high nutritional and antioxidant components. The present study aimed to better understand the biological activity of C. aconitifolius in inflammation response. We developed an ethyl acetate extract of this plant to evaluate its anti-inflammatory capacity and its flavonoid content. The topical anti-inflammatory effect of the ethyl acetate extract of C. aconitifolius was determined by the croton oil-induced mouse ear edema test, while flavonoid detection and concentration were determined by thin layer chromatography and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Topical application of the extract showed significant inhibition of the induced-ear edema (23.52 and 49.41% for 25 and 50 mg/kg dose, respectively). The extract also exhibited the presence of flavonoids. The finding of the anti-inflammatory activity exerted by the C. aconitifolius and the identification of its active principles may suggest and support its use for inflammation treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) Ethyl Acetate Extract on Croton Oil-Induced Mouse Ear Edema

Otostegia fruticosa, a plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is endemic to Ethiopia. In Ethiopian traditional medicine, O. fruticosa has been used for the treatment of several respiratory-related disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the bronchodilatory and antimicrobial activities of O. fruticosa leaves crude extract (Of.Cr). Ex-vivo experiments were conducted on guinea-pig trachea provided with physiological oxygenated buffer solution using emkaBath setup. The crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of.Cr, showed the presence of terpenes, fragrance components, saponins, and higher fatty acids. Of.Cr when tested on contracted tracheal chains with carbamylcholine (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM) produced relaxation by showing higher potency against CCh with incomplete inhibition of high K+. Dicyclomine, used as a positive control, also showed selectively higher potency to inhibit CCh when compared with its effect against K+. In the anticholinergic curves, Of.Cr at 1 mg/mL deflected CCh-induced concentration–response curves (CRCs) competitively to the right like dicyclomine (0.03 µM) and atropine whereas a higher dose of Of.Cr (3 mg/mL) produced a non-parallel shift in the CCh curves like a higher dose of dicyclomine (0.1 µM). In the calcium channel inhibitory assay, Of.Cr at 3 & 5 mg/mL, deflected CRCs of Ca++ to the right like verapamil, used as positive control. Of.Cr, at concentrations (1–3 mg/mL) increases cAMP levels in isolated tracheal homogenates, similar to positive control phosphodiesterase inhibitor (papaverine). When tested for antibacterial activity against standard and clinical strains, Of.Cr was found more active (MIC 475 µg/ml) against S. aureus (NCTC 6571), while the maximum inhibition (MIC 625 µg/ml) was observed by the extract when tested against MRSA. These results determine the mechanistic pathways of the observed bronchodilatory effect of Otostegia fruticosa with a combination of anticholinergic and dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase and voltage-gated Ca++ channels.

Evaluation of bronchodialatory and antimicrobial activities of Otostegia fruticosa: A multi-mechanistic approach.

Otostegia fruticosa is traditionally used to treat tonsillitis, stomach ache, asthma, arthritis, and febrile illness in different parts of Ethiopia and other countries. In this experiment 70% ethanolic crude extract and fractions of the leaf of Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig were evaluated for their in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and in-vitro hyaluronidase inhibition properties at different concentrations. Tail immersion, acetic acid induced writhing and carrageenan-induced paw edema model were used to assess the in-vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. Swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into five groups of six mice per group and for evaluation of the fractions randomly divided into six groups of six mice per group. The test groups were treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Otostegia fruticosa (O. fruticosa) at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The positive control groups received either pethidine 5 mg/kg or aspirin at 100 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg. The negative control groups were orally given sunflower oil. All the fractions were administered at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In all models, the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract and chloroform fraction showed a significant central and peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities with comparable effects to standards used. The hyaluronidase inhibition assay result showed that the test samples displayed concentration-dependent inhibitory activities. These findings indicate that 70% ethanol extract and organic solvent fractions of O. fruticosa leaves have potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activities.

http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/article_1100949_a44d393d3645328c0e5c8e59eac3ccaf.pdf

Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and In-vitro Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Properties of the Leaf Extract and Solvent Fractions of Otostegia Fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig

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Evaluation of bronchodialatory and antimicrobial activities of Otostegia fruticosa: A multi-mechanistic approach.

Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and In-vitro Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Properties of the Leaf Extract and Solvent Fractions of Otostegia Fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig