Feasibility evaluation of hydraulic fracturing in hydrate-bearing sediments based on analytic hierarchy process-entropy method (AHP-EM)

In continuous formations, the rock properties and the state of in situ stresses control the propagation direction of an induced hydraulic fracture (HF) and its geometry. The present study succinctly reviews more than a hundred scientific papers that have deeply explored hydraulic fracture propagation from the rock mechanical perspective and summarizes the current state of knowledge on the propagation of hydraulic fractures. These studies fall into three major categories of field, experimental, and numerical studies. It was found that numerical simulations are the most common methods for studying hydraulic fracture propagation, while field and analytical studies are the least-used methods because of their technical complications and practical limitations. One of the most efficient methods for the numerical simulation that has been adopted by numerous researches from around the world in recent years is the Lattice simulation approach. This method is a particle-based model and uses the Distinct Element Method. Since the Lattice simulation presents higher accuracy and computational efficiency over the existing methods to simulate complex reservoir conditions, the current review particularly focuses on this method and also discusses the functionality of the recently introduced XSite simulation package. The results from this work demonstrate the superior ability of the Lattice simulation and XSite package in modeling different propagation regimes, geometry, and growth of the HF. Moreover, the authors simulated the interaction mode of hydraulic and natural fractures based on two significant parameters of the phenomenon, namely “angle of approach” and “in situ differential stress”, and verified the results with the Blanton criteria.

Numerical Modeling and Lattice Method for Characterizing Hydraulic Fracture Propagation: A Review of the Numerical, Experimental, and Field Studies

Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracture height layer-through propagation based on three-dimensional lattice method

In recent years, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing for shale oil reservoirs is developing toward a shorter cluster spacing and a larger number of clusters per stage. The objective is to improve the stimulation performance by reducing the fracturing stages and creating more hydraulic fractures in terms of cost-efficiency in geological engineering. Field tests demonstrate the uneven distribution of fluid volume among clusters and only a few perforation clusters contribute to productivity. The extreme limited entry (XLE) completion is an effective method to improve the efficiency of perforation clusters. However, the influence of several controlling parameters on the cluster effectiveness during XLE completion remains elusive. Therefore, a 3D field-scale hydraulic fracturing model for XLE completion based on the lattice method is developed for the case of shale oil reservoirs of Changqing oilfield in China. In this model, perforation friction, geological factor such as stress difference between adjacent clusters, and filtration of fracturing fluid are considered. The numerical results are compared with field data (i.e., injection pressure and cluster efficiency) obtained from the fracturing construction and the step-down test. The influences of injection rate, cluster spacing, cluster number, and stress difference between adjacent clusters on the fracture morphology, cluster efficiency and injection pressure of XLE completion are discussed in detail. The results show that perforation friction is the most critical factor that affects the efficiency of perforation cluster during XLE completion. A guide chart of cluster efficiency under various differential geological stresses between adjoining clusters is proposed. According to this guide chart, the required perforation friction under different cases can be obtained, and then the related perforation parameters (i.e., perforation diameter and number) can be determined. The research results provide theoretical guidance for optimization of XLE completion in geological reservoirs.

Numerical Investigation on Hydraulic Fracturing of Extreme Limited Entry Perforating in Plug-and-Perforation Completion of Shale Oil Reservoir in Changqing Oilfield, China

Study of interaction mechanisms between hydraulic fracture and weak plane with different strengths and widths using the bonded-particle model based on moment tensors

Numerical simulation of non-planar fracture propagation in multi-cluster fracturing with natural fractures based on Lattice methods

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Numerical simulation of non-planar fracture propagation in multi-cluster fracturing with natural fractures based on Lattice methods