Implementations of cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to Side Channel Analysis (SCA). To counteract it, masking schemes are usually involved which randomize key-dependent data by the addition of one or several random value(s) (the masks). When dth-order masking is involved (i.e. when d masks are used per key-dependent variable), the complexity of performing an SCA grows exponentially with the order d. The design of generic dth-order masking schemes taking the order d as security parameter is therefore of great interest for the physical security of cryptographic implementations. This paper presents the first generic dth-order masking scheme for AES with a provable security and a reasonable software implementation overhead. Our scheme is based on the hardware-oriented masking scheme published by Ishai et al. at Crypto 2003. Compared to this scheme, our solution can be efficiently implemented in software on any general-purpose processor. This result is of importance considering the lack of solution for d ≥ 3.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15031-9_28.pdf

Provably secure higher-order masking of AES

The Augmented Reality (AR) technology enhances the human perception of the world by combining the real environment with the virtual space. With the explosive growth of powerful, less expensive mobile devices, and the emergence of sophisticated communication infrastructure, Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications are gaining increased popularity. MAR allows users to run AR applications on mobile devices with greater mobility and at a lower cost. The emerging 5G communication technologies act as critical enablers for future MAR applications to achieve ultra-low latency and extremely high data rates while Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) brings enhanced computational power closer to the users to complement MAR. This paper extensively discusses the landscape of MAR through the past and its future prospects with respect to the 5G systems and complementary technology MEC. The paper especially provides an informative analysis of the network formation of current and future MAR systems in terms of cloud, edge, localized, and hybrid architectural options. The paper discusses key application areas for MAR and their future with the advent of 5G technologies. The paper also discusses the requirements and limitations of MAR technical aspects such as communication, mobility management, energy management, service offloading and migration, security, and privacy and analyzes the role of 5G technologies.

/pdf/a-survey-on-mobile-augmented-reality-with-5g-mobile-edge-11f7i8j1c6.pdf

A Survey on Mobile Augmented Reality With 5G Mobile Edge Computing: Architectures, Applications, and Technical Aspects

Recently, as the development of artificial intelligence (AI), data-driven AI methods have shown amazing performance in solving complex problems to support the Internet of Things (IoT) world with massive resource-consuming and delay-sensitive services. In this paper, we propose an intelligent resource allocation framework (iRAF) to solve the complex resource allocation problem for the collaborative mobile edge computing (CoMEC) network. The core of iRAF is a multitask deep reinforcement learning algorithm for making resource allocation decisions based on network states and task characteristics, such as the computing capability of edge servers and devices, communication channel quality, resource utilization, and latency requirement of the services, etc. The proposed iRAF can automatically learn the network environment and generate resource allocation decision to maximize the performance over latency and power consumption with self-play training. iRAF becomes its own teacher: a deep neural network (DNN) is trained to predict iRAF’s resource allocation action in a self-supervised learning manner, where the training data is generated from the searching process of Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) algorithm. A major advantage of MCTS is that it will simulate trajectories into the future, starting from a root state, to obtain a best action by evaluating the reward value. Numerical results show that our proposed iRAF achieves 59.27% and 51.71% improvement on service latency performance compared with the greedy-search and the deep $Q$ -learning-based methods, respectively.

iRAF: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Collaborative Mobile Edge Computing IoT Networks

Increasingly, everyday items are enhanced to pervasive devices by embedding computing power and their interconnection leads to Mark Weiser’s famous vision of ubiquitous computing (ubicomp), which is widely believed to be the next paradigm in information technology. The mass deployment of pervasive devices promises on the one hand many benefits (e.g. optimized supply-chains), but on the other hand, many foreseen applications are security sensitive (military, financial or automotive applications), not to mention possible privacy issues. Even worse, pervasive devices are deployed in a hostile environment, i.e. an adversary has physical access to or control over the devices, which enables the whole field of physical attacks. Not only the adversary model is different for ubicomp, but also its optimisation goals are significantly different from that of traditional application scenarios: high throughput is usually not an issue but power, energy and area are sparse resources. Due to the harsh cost constraints for ubicomp applications only the least required amount of computing power will be realized. If computing power is fixed and cost are variable, Moore’s Law leads to the paradox of an increasing demand for lightweight solutions. In this Thesis different approaches are followed to investigate new lightweight cryptographic designs for block ciphers, hash functions and asymmetric identification schemes. A strong focus is put on lightweight hardware implementations that require as few area (measured in Gate Equivalents (GE)) as possible. We start by scrutinizing the Data Encryption Standard (DES)—a standardized and well-investigated algorithm—and subsequently slightly modify it (yielding DESL) to decrease the area requirements. Then we start from scratch and design a complete new algorithm, called PRESENT, where we could build upon the results of the first step. A variety of implementation results of PRESENT—both in software and hardware—using different design strategies and different platforms is presented. Our serialized ASIC implementation (1, 000 GE) is the smallest published and enabled PRESENT to be considered as a suitable candidate for the upcoming ISO/IEC standard on lightweight cryptography (ISO/IEC JTC1 SC27 WG2). Inspired by these implementation results, we propose several lightweight hash functions that are based on PRESENT in Davies-Meyer-mode (DM-PRESENT-80, DM-PRESENT-128) and in Hirose-mode (H-PRESENT-128). For their security level of 64 (DM-PRESENT-80, DMPRESENT-128) and 128 bits (H-PRESENT-128) the implementation results are the smallest published. Finally, we use PRESENT in output feedback mode (OFB) as a pseudo-random number generator within the asymmetric identification scheme crypto-GPS. Its design trade-offs are discussed and the implementation results of different architectures (starting from 2, 181 GE) are backed with figures from a manufactured prototype ASIC. We conclude that block ciphers drew level with stream-ciphers with regard to low area requirements. Consequently, hash functions that are based on block ciphers can be implemented efficiently in hardware as well. Though it is not easy to obtain lightweight hash functions with a digest size of greater or equal to 160 bits. Given the required parameters, it is very unlikely that the NIST SHA-3 hash competition will lead to a lightweight approach. Hence, lightweight hash functions with a digest size of greater or equal to 160 bits remain an open research problem.

/pdf/lightweight-cryptography-cryptographic-engineering-for-a-3iiv9fsyg6.pdf

Lightweight Cryptography - Cryptographic Engineering for a Pervasive World.

While cloud computing has brought paradigm shifts to computing services, researchers and developers have also found some problems inherent to its nature such as bandwidth bottleneck, communication overhead, and location blindness. The concept of fog/edge computing is therefore coined to extend the services from the core in cloud data centers to the edge of the network. In recent years, many systems are proposed to better serve ubiquitous smart devices closer to the user. This article provides a complete and up-to-date review of edge-oriented computing systems by encapsulating relevant proposals on their architecture features, management approaches, and design objectives.

Edge-Oriented Computing Paradigms: A Survey on Architecture Design and System Management

MDPL has been proposed as a masked logic style that counteracts DPA attacks. Recently, it has been shown that the so-called "early propagation effect" might reduce the security of this logic style significantly. In the light of these findings, a 0.13 μmprototype chip that includes the implementation of an 8051-compatible microcontroller in MDPL has been analyzed. Attacks on the measured power traces of this implementation show a severe DPA leakage. In this paper, the results of a detailed analysis of the reasons for this leakage are presented. Furthermore, a proposal is made on how to improve MDPL with respect to the identified problems.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-masked-logic-style-mdpl-on-a-prototype-3vx6l3yqe4.pdf

Evaluation of the Masked Logic Style MDPL on a Prototype Chip

Unique identification and secure authentication are essential processes in various areas of application, e.g. in e-Government, e-Health, or e-Business. During the past years several identity management-systems and models have evolved. Many organizations and enterprises or even countries for their national eID solutions rely on identity management-systems for securing their applications. Since more and more applications are migrated into the cloud, secure identification and authentication are also vital in the cloud domain. How- ever, cloud identity management-systems need to meet slightly different requirements than traditional identity management-systems and thus cannot be clustered into the same model types or categories. Therefore, in this paper we give an overview of different cloud identity management-models that have already emerged up to now. We further compare these models based on selected criteria, e.g. on practicability and privacy aspects.

https://online.tugraz.at/tug_online/voe_main2.getvolltext?pCurrPk=77977

An Overview of Cloud Identity Management-Models

In blockchain-based solutions, the amount of data stored in the blockchain increases steadily. Considerable amounts of data accordingly need to be download and stored at decentralized nodes to carry out meaningful validations. For the Bitcoin blockchain, approximately 197 GB must currently be downloaded and processed by any node aiming to fully verify the correctness of stored transactions. This represents an emerging problem with respect to resource-constrained thin clients that lack the required download or storage capacities, but with which meaningful validations still need to be carried out. This problem will gain even more relevance in the future, as blockchain technology is applied to new domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT) that necessitate the use of thin clients. We address this emerging problem by proposing a novel compressible blockchain architecture. In our proposal, we use a snapshot-based approach, to create snapshots of the blockchain at regular intervals and store them in blocks. These blocks are chained, forming a second blockchain that is linked to the primary chain. In this way, the amount of data that needs to be downloaded and stored by decentralized nodes is reduced considerably, while the full validation of the entire blockchain still remains feasible. In this paper, we describe the proposed compressible blockchain architecture in detail. We conducted evaluations that demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution and show its advantages over related approaches introduced in the literature. Overall, our design can be used to reduce the size of the blockchain by up to 93%, facilitating secure blockchain-based applications even on resource-constrained thin clients such as IoT devices.

Tackling Data Inefficiency: Compressing the Bitcoin Blockchain

The high usability of smartphones and tablets is embraced by consumers as well as the corporate and public sector. However, especially in the non-consumer area the factor security plays a decisive role for the platform-selection process. All of the current companies within the mobile device sector added a wide range of security features to the initially consumer-oriented devices (Apple, Google, Microsoft), or have dealt with security as a core feature from the beginning (RIM, now Blackerry). One of the key security features for protecting data on the device or in device backups are encryption systems, which are available in the majority of current devices. However, even under the assumption that the systems are implemented correctly, there is a wide range of parameters, specific use cases, and weaknesses that need to be considered when deploying mobile devices in security-critical environments. As the second part in a series of papers (the first part was on iOS), this work analyzes the deployment of the Android platform and the usage of its encryption systems within a security-critical context. For this purpose, Android's different encryption systems are assessed and their susceptibility to different attacks is analyzed in detail. Based on these results a workflow is presented, which supports deployment of the Android platform and usage of its encryption systems within security-critical application scenarios.

Android encryption systems

In the past, contact with public authorities often appeared as winding way for citizens. Enabled by the tremendous success of the Internet, public authorities aimed to react on that shortcoming by providing various governmental services online. Due to these services, citizens are not forced to visit public authorities during office hours only but have now the possibility to manage their concerns everywhere and anytime. Additionally, this user friendly approach also decreases costs for public authorities.

Austria was one of the first countries that seized this trend by setting up a nation-wide eGovernment infrastructure. The infrastructure builds upon a solid legal framework supported by various technical concepts preserving security and privacy for citizens. These efforts have already been awarded in several international benchmarks that have reported a 100% online availability of eGovernment services in Austria.

In this paper we present best practices that have been followed by the Austrian eGovernment and that have paved the way for its success. By virtually following a traditional governmental procedure and mapping its key stages to corresponding online processes, we provide an insight into Austria's comprehensive eGovernment infrastructure and its key concepts and implementations. This paper introduces the most important elements of the Austrian eGovernment and shows how these components act in concert in order to realize secure and reliable eGovernment solutions for Austrian citizens.

Secure and privacy-preserving eGovernment: best practice Austria

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