Endocrine and reproductive parameters in sick and healthy primiparous and multiparous dairy cows.

The transition period that starts three weeks before and ends three weeks after parturition is characterized by sudden metabolic and physiologic changes (7). In this short time period, the pregnancy and lactational status of the cow shift, which causes severe stress. Dry matter intake (DMI) starts to decline before parturition, reaches the lowest point around parturition and steadily increases for the next six to eight weeks after delivery (7). The mammary glands of fresh postpartum cattle use about 97% of the energy and 83% of the protein from feed intake for milk production (4). However, cows’ requirements for milk production are high in the period during which DMI is still low. Thus, these increased demands of the mammary glands are fulfilled by whole body insulin resistance excluding the mammary glands (8), which is also one of the significant metabolic changes occurring in this transition period. As a result of decreased DMI, high-yielding dairy cattle experience varying degrees of negative energy balance (NEB), increased energy requirements for milk production and insulin resistance in the early postpartum period. The cows’ metabolisms struggle with NEB by stimulating lipolysis of adipose tissue, which results in an increase in blood levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Fatty liver and ketosis are the main energy metabolism-related disorders of transition cows. Elevated blood NEFA and BHBA levels are the main indicators of NEB in dairy cattle. Along with NEFA and BHBA, glucose, albumin, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels are also taken into consideration when performing a metabolic profile test for evaluating a herd’s NEB, ketosis and fatty liver status. Blood glucose levels are generally decreased in ketotic cows; however, due to Comparison of adiponectin levels and some metabolic parameters in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis1)

/pdf/comparison-of-adiponectin-levels-and-some-metabolic-48z7l1wk2m.pdf

Comparison of adiponectin levels and some metabolic parameters in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis

The aims of this study were to determine serum adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in early and late luteal phases following artificial insemination, to evaluate their relationship with progesterone concentrations, and to detect their effects on the pregnancy rate. We used 45 Holstein cows aged 3–4 years who had given birth at least once and who did not have any problem in the genital system as observed on rectal palpation/ultrasonography examination. Presynch–ovsynch synchronization protocol was applied on cows. Blood samples were collected to determine the concentrations of progesterone, adiponectin, and IGF-I on days 5 and 18 following artificial insemination. Pregnancy examination using real-time ultrasonography was performed on day 30 following artificial insemination. Fifteen (33.33%) of the 45 cows were determined as pregnant. The pregnancy rates were increased with increasing progesterone concentration on day 5 following artificial insemination, and the pregnancy rates were the highest (53.84%) among the cows with progesterone concentration of >2.00 ng/mL. Adiponectin and IGF-I concentrations were determined as 26.69±11.84 vs 24.14±9.19 and 17.52±4.19 vs 17.42±2.92, on days 5 and 18 after artificial insemination, respectively (P>0.05). Negative correlation was observed between adiponectin and progesterone concentrations (P<0.05), whereas positive correlation was observed between IGF-I and progesterone on day 5 following artificial insemination (P<0.05). Progesterone and IGF-I concentrations in pregnant cows were higher than in nonpregnant cows on days 5 and 18 following artificial insemination (P<0.05). In conclusion, the progesterone and IGF-I concentrations in early and late luteal phase following artificial insemination had a positive effect on the pregnancy rate. However, although early adiponectin concentration affected progesterone concentrations, it did not affect the pregnancy rate.

Relationship of serum adiponectin and IGF-I concentrations with progesterone and their effect on pregnancy rates in cows

This pilot study was conducted to determine the role of adiponectin in exercise training-induced adaptations of body composition. A cre/lox system under control of the tamoxifen promoter was used to acutely delete adiponectin (AdipoKO) in adult male and female mice. Wild type (WT) and acute knockout (AdipoKO) mice were assigned to 8 weeks of treadmill exercise or 8 weeks of sedentary cage confinement. Exercise tolerance was assessed before and after the exercise training or sedentary cage confinement period. Fat and lean mass were determined bi-weekly during the exercise training or sedentary cage confinement period using EchoMRI. In male and female mice, exercise training increased exercise tolerance, in both WT and AdipoKO mice. In sedentary male and female AdipoKO mice, but not in sedentary WT mice, exercise tolerance decreased during eight weeks of cage confinement. Exercise training reduced fat mass in both male and female WT mice, but not in AdipoKO mice. During cage confinement, lean mass decreased in AdipoKO mice, but exercise training mitigated this decline. These results indicate that adiponectin is important for reduction of fat mass by exercise training. These results also suggest that deletion of adiponectin in adult mice reduces lean mass, but this loss of lean mass can be mitigated by exercise training. 

/pdf/effects-of-adiponectin-and-exercise-training-on-lean-muscle-24u3oj4l.pdf

Effects of Adiponectin and Exercise Training on Lean Muscle and Body Fat Percent

Το BCS έχει θεωρηθεί ως έμμεσο μέτρο της διατροφικής κατάστασης καιΗ διατροφή έχει αποδειχθεί ότι αλληλεπιδρά με την αναπαραγωγή. Αδιπονεκτίνη και λεπτίνη,λόγω των ευαισθητοποιητικών της δράσεων στην ινσουλίνη και της συσχέτισής τους με την κατάσταση του σώματος θα μπορούσε να είναιπιθανούς ρυθμιστές του μεταβολισμού κατά τη μετάβαση από την εγκυμοσύνη στη γαλουχία. οΗ εργασία που περιγράφεται σε αυτό το διδακτορικό έργο σχεδιάστηκε για να διερευνήσει το ρόλο του μεταβολικού, του σώματοςκατάσταση και διατροφικοί παράγοντες στη ρύθμιση της παραγωγικής και αναπαραγωγικής απόδοσης σεαγελάδες γαλακτοπαραγωγής, ιδίως όσον αφορά την ομοιόσταση της γλυκόζης και τις αδιποκίνες. Ιδιαίτερη εστίασηκατευθυνόταν στην κυκλοφορούσα αδιπονεκτίνη και τη συσχέτισή της με μεταβολικές και ορμονικέςκατάσταση και αναπαραγωγή. Είναι ενδιαφέρον ότι η αδιπονεκτίνη βρέθηκε να υπάρχει στο βόειο γάλασε συγκεντρώσεις παρόμοιες με αυτές του πλάσματος. Βαθμολογία κατάστασης σώματος, GH, ινσουλίνη, λεπτίνη καιΗ αδιπονεκτίνη έδειξε τη δυνατότητα να ρυθμίζει την ομοιόσταση της γλυκόζης και την αναπαραγωγική παραγωγή.Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης κατέδειξαν μια αρνητική επίδραση της μακροπρόθεσμης μέτριας αύξησηςσυγκέντρωση ινσουλίνης στην αναπαραγωγική απόδοση. Επιπλέον, BCS στον τοκετό καιΤα ΔBCS είναι καθοριστικοί παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την αναπαραγωγική αποκατάσταση μετά τον τοκετόπρέπει να αποτελούν βασικά στοιχεία των συστημάτων παρακολούθησης της γεωργίας. Αν και περαιτέρωαπαιτείται έρευνα για την αντιμετώπιση της προτεινόμενης αρνητικής σχέσης μεταξύ της αδιπονεκτίνηςκαι GH, και για τον εντοπισμό άλλων διατροφικών παραγόντων που μπορεί να ρυθμίζουν την κυκλοφορούσα αδιπονεκτίνη,δεδομένα από αυτή τη μελέτη υποστηρίζουν τους ρυθμιστικούς ρόλους της αδιπονεκτίνης στο μεταβολισμό καιαναπαραγωγή. Επιπλέον, η αδιπονεκτίνη υπόσχεται να χρησιμεύσει ως υποτιθέμενος στόχοςμόριο που ενσωματώνει το μεταβολισμό, την αναπαραγωγή και τη διατροφική συμπεριφορά. ΠερισσότεροΕίναι σημαντικό ότι η υποαδιπονεκτιναιμία θα μπορούσε να είναι ένας άλλος εναλλακτικός μηχανισμός που συμβάλλεισε κακή γονιμότητα σε αγελάδες γαλακτοπαραγωγής. Η ενσωμάτωση αυτής της νέας γνώσης στοΗ ανάπτυξη καλύτερων διατροφικών στρατηγικών είναι ένα βασικό σημείο που εξετάζεταιβελτίωση της καλής διαβίωσης και της αναπαραγωγικής και παραγωγικής απόδοσης στις αγελάδες γαλακτοπαραγωγής. 

/pdf/the-role-of-adiponectin-in-regulation-of-metabolism-in-dairy-qinjs4or.pdf

The role of adiponectin in regulation of metabolism in dairy cows

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The role of adiponectin in regulation of metabolism in dairy cows