Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process at room temperature was used to fabricate a nanostructured twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. The effect of the number of ARB cycles from 1 to 3 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-31Mn-3Al-3Si (wt%) TWIP steel was investigated. The results showed that the microstructure of the 1-cycle ARB-processed sample mainly contained the primary and secondary mechanical twins. However, in the microstructure of 2-cycle ARB-processed sample, new configurations of small nanotwins which they are known as the hierarchical nanotwinned (HNT) structures were observed between the secondary mechanical twins. In the microstructure of 3-cycle ARB-processed sample, new subdivided grains with a mean size of about 100 nm were produced. Additionally, the 3-cycle ARB-processed TWIP steel sample exhibited extraordinary strength (about 1.2 GPa) and reasonable ductility (about 15%). The mechanical behavior of ARB-processed TWIP steel was interpreted as the evidence for microstructural features such as the mechanical twins (especially, the HNT structures) and nano/ultrafine grains.

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB)-processed high-manganese twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with extraordinary strength and reasonable ductility

For the first time a four-layered laminate made of X5CrMnNi-16-6-6 (TRIP steel) and X5CrMnNi16-6-9 (TWIP steel) was manufactured by accumulative roll bonding (ARB). An intermediate annealing between rolling passes allowed to achieve good bonding between the laminate layers. The microstructure of the laminate at each step of production was analysed with the main focus on the bonding interface and deformation lenses by means of scanning electron microscopy, including chemical and orientation mapping techniques, and microhardness measurements. Additionally, a special measuring routine was developed to reveal spatial distribution of the grain size along the cross section. Finally, tensile specimens were cut out from the laminate and tested under quasi-static loading with subsequent fracture surface analysis. Repeated rolling and annealing of the steel layers resulted in the alteration of the grain size and microhardness, whereas significant texture appeared only after tensile loading. The grain size in the layer of TWIP steel after first roll bonding and annealing was found to drop down near the surface, whereas no such effect was found in TRIP steel. The microstructure of a deformation lens was found to fully change from severely deformed brittle steel matrix with excessive oxygen content after rolling to a ductile mixture of sub-micron globular oxides and austenite grains after annealing. These ductile deformation lenses ensure excellent bonding of layers and microcrack blunting. This allowed to achieve a remarkable combination of mechanical properties of the four-layered TRIP-TWIP laminate with a yield strength up to 800 MPa and an elongation to failure up to 45%, which resulted in the work of deformation up to 41 GPa·%. 

Microstructural evolution of the bonding zone in TRIP-TWIP laminate produced by accumulative roll bonding

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) metallic materials are at the cutting edge of modern materials science as they exhibit outstanding properties which make them very interesting for prospective structural or functional engineering applications. [...]

Ultrafine-Grained Metals

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is a repeated cladding process in which two or more sheets of material are joined together by rolling at temperatures below recrystallization. The present review is focused on ARB of high‐alloy steels, which, among other laminated metal composites (LMCs), deliver the highest mechanical properties. After a brief description of high‐strength steels, history, and state of the art of LMCs, the principal roll bonding mechanism is explained. Further, the methodology of ARB of steels and variable parameters (stacking, temperature, etc.) are discussed. Known examples of steel–steel laminates are summarized with respect to their rolling temperature and mechanical properties. Further, the main toughening mechanisms of steel‐based LMCs are listed. The most promising candidates of high‐alloy steel laminates are presented in more detail. The important deformation mechanisms of twinning‐ and transformation‐induced plasticity (TWIP and TRIP) high‐alloy steels are explained. Microstructural changes and layer bonding as well as mechanical properties and damage behavior of two‐ and four‐layered TRIP/TWIP steel laminates are illustrated, including some specific phenomena, such as deformation lenses. Finally, by summarizing the analyzed data on steel laminates, conclusions and outlook are formulated. 

Steel–Steel Laminates Manufactured via Accumulative Roll Bonding

Austenitic stainless steels X4CrNi18-12 and X8CrMnNi19-6-3 were processed by accumulative roll bonding (ARB). Both materials show an extremely high yield strength of 1.25 GPa accompanied by a satisfactory elongation to failure of up to 14% and a positive strain rate sensitivity after two ARB cycles. The strain-hardening rate of the austenitic steels reveals a stabilization of the stress-strain behavior during tensile testing. Especially for X8CrMnNi19-6-3, which has an elevated manganese content of 6.7 wt.%, necking is prevented up to comparatively high plastic strains. Microstructural investigations showed that the microstructure is separated into ultrafine-grained channel like areas and relatively larger grains where pronounced nano-twinning and martensite formation is observed.

Ultrafine-Grained Austenitic Stainless Steels X4CrNi18-12 and X8CrMnNi19-6-3 Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding

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Ultrafine-Grained Austenitic Stainless Steels X4CrNi18-12 and X8CrMnNi19-6-3 Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding