Natural history of sickle cell disease—The first ten years

The average hematocrit levels of black children have been widely reported to be about two to three percent lower than those of white children. Until recently, the relative contributions of economic, nutritional, and genetic factors to these differences have been unspecified. Based on new evidence and reanalysis of past data, however, some investigators now argue that genetic differences exist which transcend economic status. Separate screening standards are thus recommended for black children-standards which would define fewer as anemic. The present paper discusses methodological inadequacies in the evidence supporting the separate standards argument, focusing on the skewed economic distributions by race which suggest economic disparities within the racial subgroups compared. Findings are presented from a study of children in Washington, DC, to illustrate the role of particular risk factors known to be differentially distributed by income (eg, multiparity, birthweight, source of medical care). These factors are associated with varying hematocrit levels, even among blacks, and they also appear to account for a large part of the black-white hematocrit differentials. Study findings cast doubt on conclusions about the genetic basis of hematocrit differences and suggest that, without better evidence, it would be inappropriate to adopt lower standards for blacks in screening for anemia.

Hematocrit levels and race: an argument against the adoption of separate standards in screening for anemia.

The nutritional status of preschool children from 1,219 families living in an urban poverty area was surveyed in 1983 and these results were compared with findings from a similar survey of the same community done in 1977. A second comparison was made of children whose families participated in a commodity supplementary food program and those whose families did not participate. Results of the 1983 survey indicated improvements in median serum levels of vitamins A and C, hemoglobin, and red blood cell volume. Nevertheless, 9% to 18% of the children had low or deficient levels of vitamins A, C, B 1 , and B 2 , hemoglobin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation. Also a greater number of the preschoolers were categorized as thin. Annual incomes for families had significantly decreased from 1977 when the median value for food recipients was $3,078 to a median of $1,848 in 1983. Considering the decrease in other resources, federal food assistance programs seem to be the only identifiable factor contributing to the improvement in nutritional status over 1977. ( JAMA 1985;253:3269-3272)

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=jama&articleId=398913&pdfFileName=jama_253_22_023.pdf

Nutritional improvement of poor urban preschool children. A 1983-1977 comparison.

• Approximately 4,000 preschool black children from low-income families in South Memphis participated for three years in a supplementary food program sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture. Part of this group received additional benefit from food stamps, day-care centers, and an infant-feeding program. We evaluated the effects of this participation in 250 children selected randomly from the enrollment list of the supplementary program. Each child was examined for height, weight, head circumference, and levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and vitamins A and C. The data were then compared with those from a similar survey in the same area conducted three years before. The results of this comparison indicate considerable improvements in height and weight and a reduction in the incidence of anemia and in the numbers of children with low plasma vitamin A levels. In the absence of other recognizable intervening factors, we conclude that federal food assistance programs were primarily responsible for the observed nutritional improvements. ( Am J Dis Child 131:265-269, 1977)

Nutritional Benefits From Federal Food Assistance: A Survey of Preschool Black Children From Low-Income Families in Memphis

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact ecommons@luc.edu. all of whom contributed to the ultimate completion of this task. Particular gratitude goes to the committee Director, Dr. Joy Rogers who has been a continuing source of encouragement as well as a model for academic excellence. Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, without whose understanding and cooperation this task would have been considerably more difficult. Most importantly I wish to express my gratitude to my wife, Deanne, to whom, and with whom, all things are possible. was graduated in 1963.

/pdf/factors-associated-with-intellectual-development-birth-order-4rqtxb9gsm.pdf

Factors Associated with Intellectual Development: Birth Order and Family Size Effects for a Select Population

The effect of poverty on nutrition of preschool children was evaluated in 300 children randomly selected from 2,427 black children of poverty families living in south Memphis. Half of the children were found to be below the 25th percentile for height and weight on anthropometric charts. Anemia was common; 28% of the children less than 3 years of age had hemoglobin levels below 10 gm/100 ml, and 25% of the children older than 3 years had levels below 11 gm/100 ml. The extremely low family incomes and information gained by home visits indicated that lack of food was the main cause of growth retardation and anemia.

Nutrition and Poverty in Preschool Children: A Nutritional Survey of Preschool Children From Impoverished Black Families, Memphis

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Nutrition and Poverty in Preschool Children: A Nutritional Survey of Preschool Children From Impoverished Black Families, Memphis