Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecologi- cal reasons. Relatively few of these MPAs are well man- aged. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral reef MPA manage- ment. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conXict, and unrealistic attempts to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on Weld experience and empirical evidence from around the world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.

/pdf/best-practices-for-improved-governance-of-coral-reef-marine-o4wpqrn8h9.pdf

Best practices for improved governance of coral reef marine protected areas

A substantial section of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the global South depend on foreign funds to conduct their operations. This paper explores how the availability of foreign funding affects their downward accountability, abilities to effect social change, and their relative influence in relation to traditional grassroots, membership‐based organizations (GROs), which tend not to receive such funding. Drawing on a case study of Nicaragua, we challenge the notion that foreign funding of domestic NGOs leads to the evolution of civil society organizations, which have incentives and abilities to organize the marginalized sections of society in ways to effect social change in their interests. Instead, we find that foreign funding and corresponding professionalization of the NGO sector creates dualism among domestic civil society organizations. Foreign funding enhances the visibility and prestige of the “modern” NGO sector over traditional GROs. This has grave policy implications because foreign funded NGOs tend to be more accountable to donors than beneficiaries and are more focused on service delivery than social change oriented advocacy.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2186536_code371371.pdf?abstractid=2186536&mirid=1&type=2

NGOization, Foreign Funding, and the Nicaraguan Civil Society

This article explores the capacity of the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN) to adapt to a changing Nicaraguan political environment over the last three decades. It focuses on the FSLN's transformation from the 1980s until its recent return to power. The analysis uses the tools offered by studies on the transformation and adaptation of political parties in adverse contexts. It concentrates on the four key stages of the FSLN's transformation: the 1980s, the five-year period following the FSLN's defeat in the elections (1990–1995), the following decade in opposition (1996–2006), and the return to government. The key elements of the FSLN's adaptation relate to the centralization of party resources around the undisputed leadership of Daniel Ortega.

The Adaptation of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega's Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua

Peacebuilding in Central America: Reproducing the Sources of Conflict?

Neoliberal reform, governance and corruption in Central America: Exploring the Nicaraguan case

Focusing on Nicaragua after the 1990 Sandinista electoral defeat, this book is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of one of the most unusual cases of regime transition in the late 20th century. It shows the similarities and differences between Nicaragua's regime and those of other countries.

Nicaragua without Illusions: Regime Transition and Structural Adjustment in the 1990s@@@The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution

Against The Grain@@@Reagan versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua@@@Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s@@@Forging Peace: The Challenge of Central America

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Nicaragua without Illusions: Regime Transition and Structural Adjustment in the 1990s@@@The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution

Against The Grain@@@Reagan versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on Nicaragua@@@Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s@@@Forging Peace: The Challenge of Central America