The biaryl structural motif is a predominant feature in many pharmaceutically relevant and biologically active compounds. As a result, for over a century 1 organic chemists have sought to develop new and more efficient aryl -aryl bond-forming methods. Although there exist a variety of routes for the construction of aryl -aryl bonds, arguably the most common method is through the use of transition-metalmediated reactions. 2-4 While earlier reports focused on the use of stoichiometric quantities of a transition metal to carry out the desired transformation, modern methods of transitionmetal-catalyzed aryl -aryl coupling have focused on the development of high-yielding reactions achieved with excellent selectivity and high functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. Typically, these reactions involve either the coupling of an aryl halide or pseudohalide with an organometallic reagent (Scheme 1), or the homocoupling of two aryl halides or two organometallic reagents. Although a number of improvements have developed the former process into an industrially very useful and attractive method for the construction of aryl -aryl bonds, the need still exists for more efficient routes whereby the same outcome is accomplished, but with reduced waste and in fewer steps. In particular, the obligation to use coupling partners that are both activated is wasteful since it necessitates the installation and then subsequent disposal of stoichiometric activating agents. Furthermore, preparation of preactivated aryl substrates often requires several steps, which in itself can be a time-consuming and economically inefficient process.

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck-Type-lautens.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation by transition-metal-catalyzed direct arylation.

Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives, an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued development of reliable and versatile catalysts that function under operationally simple, user-friendly conditions. This review provides an overview of Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions found in both basic and applied chemical research from 2008 to the present. Selected examples of C–N cross-coupling reactions between nine classes of nitrogen-based coupling partners and (pseudo)aryl halides are described for the synthesis of heterocycles, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products, organic materials, and catalysts.

Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions

Efficient synthetic routes to pyrazolo[3,4-b]indoles and pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazoles via intramolecular palladium- and copper-catalyzed cyclization of 1-aryl/1-unsubstituted 5-(2-bromoanilino)pyrazole precursors via intramolecular C-C and C-N bond formation have been reported.

Efficient routes to pyrazolo[3,4-b]indoles and pyrazolo[1,5-a]benzimidazoles via palladium- and copper-catalyzed intramolecular C-C and C-N bond formation.

In recent decades, a large number of reports related to the synthesis of N, O, and S containing heterocycles have appeared owing to a wide variety of their biological activity The metal catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles is becoming an important and highly rewarding protocol in organic synthesis Palladium-mediated cyclization reactions have been recognized as some of the simplest and useful tools for regio- as well as stereoselective syntheses of carbo- and heterocyclic compounds This review focuses on the use of palladium as a catalyst for the synthesis of nitrogen containing five-membered heterocylces fused with other heterocycles It describes the formation of different types of heterocyclic rings

Palladium Catalysts: Synthesis of Five-Membered N-Heterocycles Fused with Other Heterocycles

Aggregates of tau and beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques constitute the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease and are prominent targets for novel therapeutics as well as for biomarkers for diagnostic in vivo imaging. In recent years much attention has been devoted to the discovery and development of new PET tracers to image tau aggregates in the living human brain. Access to a selective PET tracer to image and quantify tau aggregates represents a unique tool to support the development of any novel therapeutic agent targeting pathological forms of tau. The objective of the study described herein was to identify such a novel radiotracer. As a result of this work, we discovered three novel PET tracers (2-(4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-7-amine 7 ([11C]RO6924963), N-[11C]methyl-2-(3-methylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7-amine 8 ([11C]RO6931643), and [18F]2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)pyrrolo[2,3-b:4,5-c′]dipyridine 9 ([18F]RO6958948)) with high affinity for tau neurofibrillary tangles, excellent se...

Identification of Three Novel Radiotracers for Imaging Aggregated Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease with Positron Emission Tomography

Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation

Inhibitors of unactivated p38 MAP kinase.

Various pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of pyrimidine substrates. Thus, 4-aryloxy- or 4-anilino-5-iodopyrimidines were treated with Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)2 and base in DMF to give the regioselective cyclized heterocycles.

Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and Benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylation.

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Synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation

Inhibitors of unactivated p38 MAP kinase.

Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles and Benzo[4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines via Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylation.