Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

The study of high energy cosmic rays is a diversified field of observational and phenomenological physics addressing questions ranging from shock acceleration of charged particles in various astrophysical objects, via transport properties through galactic and extragalactic space, to questions of dark matter, and even to those of particle physics beyond the Standard Model including processes taking place in the earliest moments of our Universe. After decades of mostly independent evolution of nuclear-, particle- and high energy cosmic ray physics we find ourselves entering a symbiotic era of these fields of research. Some examples of interrelations will be given from the perspective of modern Particle-Astrophysics and new major experiments will briefly be sketched.

Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics

The announcement by the IceCube Collaboration of the observation of 28 cosmic neutrino candidates has been greeted with a great deal of justified excitement. The data reported so far depart by 4.3\sigma from the expected atmospheric neutrino background, which raises the obvious question: "Where in the Cosmos are these neutrinos coming from?" We review the many possibilities which have been explored in the literature to address this question, including origins at either Galactic or extragalactic celestial objects. For completeness, we also briefly discuss new physics processes which may either explain or be constrained by IceCube data.

Cosmic Neutrino Pevatrons: A Brand New Pathway to Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Particle Physics

Although many features of synchrotron radiation have been well known for a long time (e.g., [1]), there is certainly room for further improvements and developments. In a recent investigation [2], starting from Schwinger’s monumental work on synchrotron radiation [3] many years ago, an expicit expression for the mean number 〈N〉 of photons emitted per revolution was derived involving a remarkably simple one-dimensional integral. This allowed us to carry out a systematic analysis for high-energy charged particles. Our new expression is given by

High energy particles

We present charged-particle multiplicities as a function of pseudorapidity and collision centrality for the 197Au+197Au reaction at square root[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 5% most central events we obtain dN(ch)/deta/(eta = 0) = 625+/-55 and N(ch)/(-4.7< or =eta < or =4.7) = 4630 +/- 370, i.e., 14% and 21% increases, respectively, relative to square root[s(NN)] = 130 GeV collisions. Charged-particle production per pair of participant nucleons is found to increase from peripheral to central collisions around midrapidity. These results constrain current models of particle production at the highest RHIC energy.

Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from Au+Au collisions at the maximum RHIC energy

The properties of cosmic rays with energies above 10**6 GeV have to be deduced from the spacetime structure and particle content of the air showers which they initiate. In this review we summarize the phenomenology of these giant air showers. We describe the hadronic interaction models used to extrapolate results from collider data to ultra high energies, and discuss the prospects for insights into forward physics at the LHC. We also describe the main electromagnetic processes that govern the longitudinal shower evolution, as well as the lateral spread of particles. Armed with these two principal shower ingredients and motivation from the underlying physics, we provide an overview of some of the different methods proposed to distinguish primary species. The properties of neutrino interactions and the potential of forthcoming experiments to isolate deeply penetrating showers from baryonic cascades are also discussed. We finally venture into a terra incognita endowed with TeV-scale gravity and explore anomalous neutrino-induced showers.

/pdf/high-energy-physics-in-the-atmosphere-phenomenology-of-4e7p488tn9.pdf

High Energy Physics in the Atmosphere: Phenomenology of Cosmic Ray Air Showers

The magnetospheres of accreting neutron stars develop electrostatic gaps with huge potential drops. Protons and ions, accelerated in these gaps along the dipolar magnetic field lines to energies greater than 100 TeV, can impact onto a surrounding accretion disc. A proton-induced cascade so develops, and $\nu$-emission is produced from charged pion decays. Using GEANT4, a computer code that tracks particles produced in high energy collisions, we have calculated the resulting $\nu$-spectrum with extensive disc shower simulations. We show that the $\nu$-spectrum produced out of the proton beam is a power law. We use this result to propose accretion-powered X-ray binaries (with highly magnetized neutron stars) as a new population of point-like $\nu$-sources for km-scale detectors, such as ICECUBE. As a particular example we discuss the case of A0535+26. We show that ICECUBE should find A0535+26 to be a periodic $\nu$-source: one for which the formation and loss of its accretion disc can be fully detected. Finally, we briefly comment on the possibility that smaller telescopes, like AMANDA, could also detect A0535+26 by folding observations with the orbital period.

/pdf/neutrinos-from-accreting-neutron-stars-3t203o6czf.pdf

Neutrinos from Accreting Neutron Stars

A numerical likelihood approach to the determination of cosmic ray anisotropies is presented which offers many advantages over other approaches It allows a wide range of statistically meaningful hypotheses to be compared even when full sky coverage is unavailable, can be readily extended in order to include measurement errors, and makes maximum unbiased use of all available information

Numerical Likelihood Analysis of Cosmic Ray Anisotropies

A numerical likelihood approach to the determination of cosmic ray anisotropies is presented which offers many advantages over other approaches. It allows a wide range of statistically meaningful hypotheses to be compared even when full sky coverage is unavailable, can be readily extended in order to include measurement errors, and makes maximum unbiased use of all available information.

/pdf/numerical-likelihood-analysis-of-cosmic-ray-anisotropies-404a4j4kjp.pdf

Numerical likelihood analysis of cosmic ray anisotropies

We report progress on applying technologies developed for LHC-era experiments to cosmic ray detection, using scintillating tiles with embedded wavelengthshifting bers and avalanche photodiode readouts as parts of a robust, inexpensive cosmic air shower detector. We are planning to deploy such detectors in high schools as part of an outreach eort able to search for long-distance correlations between airshowers. Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays have been detected by a number of independent experiments over the last few decades [1]. The initiative we describe here, known as SCROD for School Cosmic Ray Outreach Detector [2], is based on an idea which is simple but has enormous potential: install cosmic ray detectors suitable for continuous muon counting and to detect building-sized (or larger) extensive air showers. A number of similar or related initiatives have been proposed in the past [3], but SCROD oers a number of novel features which make it particularly attractive for large-scale deployment in schools and public areas such as libraries, community centres, etc. Each detector is constructed from a set of inexpensive plastic scintillators mounted at each site and read out using a novel technology we discuss below. A PC will be used for data collection and oine data reduction. Cosmic air showers will be time-stamped using a GPS receiver and the data forwarded to a central site which will be accessible to all the collaborators. We have already developed and operated a prototype detector and software. SCROD will be able to study both shorter and longer-range correlations than are accessible to many other experiments [4] and thus will be complementary to, and for some measurements, superior to existing experiments. With detectors of suciently low cost, it should be feasible to instrument hundreds of sites, making this both an extensive educational program and an unequaled scientic instrument.

/pdf/scrod-school-cosmic-ray-outreach-detector-3ne6rruldb.pdf

SCROD: School Cosmic Ray Outreach Detector

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